AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (POLYPHOSPHORIC ACIDS, AMMONIUM SALTS)

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene.
Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats, epoxies and polyurethane castings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.

CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
Density: 1,9 g/cm3; bulk density = 0,7 g/cm3
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.
When Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is exposed to fire or heat, it decomposes to polymeric phosphate acid and ammonia.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) reacts with hydroxyl groups to form a nonstable phosphate ester.
Following dehydration of the phosphate ester, a carbon foam is built up on the surface and acts as an insulation layer.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used in plastics such as PP, PVC, PE, polyester, rubber, and expandable fireproof coatings.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a white powder, free of visible foreign matter used as a fire retardant additive.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is composed of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) CAS NO. 68333-79-9.

Identifiers of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
CAS Number: 68333-79-9
CHEBI: 147408
ECHA InfoCard: 100.063.425 Edit this at Wikidata
E number: E452(v) (thickeners, ...)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3097842

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an effective ﬁre retardant additive for applications such as: intumescent paints and coatings, both water-based and solvent-based.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can also be applied to intumescent mastics, caulks, putties, sealants, epoxies, ﬁlms and adhesives, as well as polymer systems, including those based on polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, rubber, acrylics and polyterephthalates.
Building materials such as wall coverings, ceiling tiles, rooﬁng products, wall panels, wood chip board and composites can also be used with the application of APP.

We specialize in supplying various grade of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) and complimentary products.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s are key ingredients of intumescent coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) act as charring catalysts and influence the performance and stability of the finished coating.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s ensure stable foaming and protect steel structures from collapsing.
In addition, oxygen transmission is prevented and the spread of toxic fumes during the fire are inhibited.

The use of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) leads to non-toxic, environmentally-friendly fire protection.
Choosing the correct Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is important.

The chain length (n) of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is both variable and branched, and can be greater than 1 000.
Short and linear chain APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) (n < 100) are more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable than longer chain APPs (n >1000), which show a very low water solubility (< 0.1 g/ 100 ml).

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a stable, non-volatile compound.
In contact with water Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) it slowly gets hydrolysed to monoammonium phosphate (orthophosphate).
Higher temperatures and prolonged exposure to water will accelerate the hydrolysis.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) are two typical inorganic phosphorus flame retardants.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a branched or linear polymeric compound with a variable degree of polymerization (n).

Generally, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) of a low degree of polymerization (n ≤ 100, crystalline form I) is water soluble or water sensitive, while APP with longer chains (n ≥ 1000, crystalline form II) displays a very low water solubility (<0.1 g/100 mL).
Compared with Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), MPP holds higher thermal stability and lower water sensitivity.

In general, long-chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) starts to degrade at a temperature of above 300°C, generating ammonia and polyphosphoric acid, while the short-chain one begins decomposing at 150°C.
Thus choosing Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) as the flame retardant strongly depends on the processing temperature of materials.

Properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Molecular Formula: (NH4PO3)n

About Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is most likely to be released to the environment.
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts).
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.

Manufacture of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Release to the environment of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

When Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is added into a polymeric material containing oxygen and/or nitrogen elements, the char may form.
At high temperature, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) degrades to create free acidic hydroxyl groups and form ultraphosphate and polyphosphoric acid, which can catalyze the dehydration reaction of polymers to yield char residues.
However, in nonself-charring polymeric materials, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) only alters the degradation mechanism of the polymer.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) and melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) are considered to be the most effective phosphorus-based flame retardants applicable for unsaturated polyesters.
The degradation mechanism of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) has been studied extensively by thermal methods and consists of elimination of water and ammonia and formation of polyphosphoric acid, which is subsequently evaporated and dehydrated at temperatures above 250°C.

With melamine-based flame retardants, two mechanisms of action are encountered.
Sublimation of melamine at ca. 350°C and subsequent decomposition processes yielding cyanamide are very endothermic processes that absorb energy from the burning matter.

Upon heating, melamine also progressively condensates under evolution of ammonia to thermally stable condensation products: melam, melem, and melon.
This reaction competes with melamine volatilization and is more pronounced if melamine is entrapped within the charring material.
The combination with phosphate chemistry further improves the efficiency of this flame retardant.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a stable and non-volatile compound.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) comes under the category of halogen free flame retardants and works as a smoke suppressant too.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is very cost effective when compared to other halogen free systems.
Lower loading into polymers ensures good retention of mechanical and electrical properties and excellent flow.
Allowing plastics to exhibit excellent processability, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as an efficient flame retardant in the furniture industry and for interior fabrics for the automotive industry.

CAS Number: 68333-79-9
Other names: Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.

KEYWORDS:
68333-79-9, 269-789-9, Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts, Triammonium orthophosphate, Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, H48N11O25P7, Water-SolubleAmmoniumPolyphosphate, Flameguard PT 8, Hostaflam 423

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) commercially produced by Clariant, (former business area of Hoechst AG), Budenheim and other sources is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n(OH)2 showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

The properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.
Shorter chains (n<100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n>1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.
However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) at pH between 5 and 7.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).
APP is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s as used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
They start to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.

The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.

The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst.
In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.

In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.
Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of APP are described in a series of publications

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is composed of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia in the chains.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is reported to act mainly in the condensed phase to promote char formation with acid catalysis; but also in some cases dilute the flammable decomposition products with the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide in the gas phase.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a halogen-free flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resin composites.
Commonly used are Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s having the general formula .
A significant reduction of the flame spread index is achieved by a combination of a polyhydroxy compound, a polyphosphate, melamine, cyanuric acid, melamine salts, e.g., melamine cyanurate, and a polyacrylate monomer.

The effect of aluminum trihydroxide in combination with Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) has been investigated.
Thermogravimetric experiments revealed an improved thermal stability in the range of 200–600 °C.

Obviously, aluminum trihydroxide is more efficient than calcium carbonate in delaying the time of ignition and lowering the yield of carbon monoxide.
However, no significant synergistic effect in reducing the peak heat release was observed.

The fire retardant polyacrylate component should be distinguished from the unsaturated monomers that may be included as crosslinkers in the resin systems.
It cannot be ruled out that the polyacrylate may become involved in the crosslinking reactions of such systems.

However, it has been observed that the fire retardant effect of the polyacrylates is also effective in those resin systems that do not involve curing by way of unsaturated groups.
Preferred polyacrylates are those having backbones of a type that is known to contribute to char formation, for example those having alkylene or oxyalkylene backbones

This category generally includes phosphate esters, ammonium orthophosphates, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s, and red phosphorus.
These retardants are oxidized during combustion to phosphorus oxide, which turns into a phosphoric acid on its interaction with water.

This acid stimulates the take-up of water out of the bottom layer of the material that has decomposed thermally, leading to char, thus increasing the carbonate waste as well as reducing the emission of combustible gases.
The phosphorous compounds work in the solid state, but can also operate in a gaseous state when they contain halogenated compounds.
This group represents 20% of the world flame retardant production.

Several detailed studies have been made in which the fire retardant additive is Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts).
It is necessary first to understand the effect of heat on Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) as the temperature is gradually increased.

In the temperature region 100–260 °C, less than 5% weight loss (as ammonia and water) occurs.
Some free acid groups are formed, which condense to form crosslinks.
The physical state changes from powder to a glassy, hygroscopic solid, from which gas evolution is less easy.

The Psingle bondOsingle bondP links produced are easily hydrolyzed to acidic groups.
Between 260 and 350 °C the rate of evolution of NH3 and H2O goes through a maximum and declines to zero after 20% weight loss.

The product is polyphosphoric acid, a hygroscopic glass.
In the final stage above 350 °C (which may be too high a temperature region to influence some polymers), the polyphosphoric acid structure is fragmented with the formation of low volatility products.
The effects of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) are therefore likely to be due to one or more of these: evolution of NH3 and H2O, production of polyphosphoric acid or acidic species derived from it, and the glassy state of the intermediate decomposition product.

When PMMA is heated with Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), chemical changes in the PMMA occur only above 260 °C in the heating programme, i.e. after NH3 and H2O evolution has ceased and polyphosphoric acid is present.
The observed effects are believed to be due to mobile fragmentation products rather than the crosslinked polyphosphoric acid itself.20

The primary effect is to cause ester groups to be converted to anhydride rings, a small concentration of which is sufficient to interfere significantly with the depolymerization process.
Thus the production of monomer (which is the volatile fuel in a fire situation) is slowed down.

When the temperature is increased, the products include, in addition to monomer, methanol, CO2 and CO.
There is therefore a close parallel with the behaviour of PMMA in other acid-releasing environments, such as blends with polychloroprene.

The application of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) in different types of commodity thermoplastic composites (polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)) have been discussed in terms of mechanical properties, morphologies and thermal properties.
In addition, engineering thermoplastics such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyamides and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and their composites added with APP and other additives were analyzed as well.

It was suggested that improvement of mechanical properties and morphologies of the thermoplastic composites could be made possible with appropriate amount of APP and other additives such as montmorillonite (MMT), pentaerythritol (PER) and different types of layered double hydroxide (LDH).
Furthermore, thermal properties such as limiting oxygen index (LOI) values together with cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) performance could be enhanced through optimum combination of APP, PER and melamine which functions as intumescent flame retardant (IFR).

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)-based flame retardants have been sold in the U.S., Europe, and Asia for several years.
In the U.S., they are used in the treatment of commercial furniture upholstery, automotive interior fabrics, draperies, and in other applications.

Outside the U.S., APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) are also used as flame retardants in commercial furniture upholstery.
Water-soluble forms of APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) are approved for use in food as a sequestrant and emulsifier.

Both LR2 and LR4 are used for semi-durable, flame-retardant (FR) application.
Water-soluble LR2 is applied to cellulose-rich upholstery fabrics.

Less-soluble LR4 is applied to fabrics as a latex back-coating.
Phosphate is a structural component of bones and teeth and is essential in many enzymatic processes.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an ammonium salt of phosphoric acid.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a high molecular weight fire retardant.
To achieve a synergistic effect, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is added to the formulation of fire retardant coatings together with pentaerythritol or melamine.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used for the paint and varnish industry and the production of coatings for use in the production of such final products as:
-intumescent fire-resistant coatings, for polyolefins (polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic polyolefins)
-polyurethane foams (hard, elastic and TPU)
-thermosetting resins (epoxy, phenolic and unsaturated polyesters)
-thermoplastic
-textile coverings
-paints
-plywood

Description of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) II crystalline phase.

Long chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) starts to decompose at temperatures above 300 °C to polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Short chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) will begin to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.

There are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) :
Crystal phase I APP (APP I) and Crystal phase II APP (APP II).

Crystal phase I APP (APP I) is characterized by a variable linear chain length, showing a lower decomposition temperature (aprox 150°C) and a higher water solubility than Crystal Phase II Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts).
In APP I, n (number of phosphate units) is generally lower than 100.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.

Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
-intumescent fire-resistant coatings, for polyolefins (polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic polyolefins)
-polyurethane foams (hard, elastic and TPU)
-thermosetting resins (epoxy, phenolic and unsaturated polyesters)
-thermoplastic, textile coatings, paints, plywood.

CHEMICAL NAME:
ammonium salt of polyphosphoric acid

CAS:
68333-79-9

APPLICATIONS:
Fire retardant coatings

Properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
-high degree of polymerization
-good heat resistance
-low hygroscopicity.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a highly effective inorganic flame retardant.

Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
-for the production of fire retardant intumescent paints, varnishes and sealants for coatings of metal structures, cables and wood
-in the production of products on a wooden basis (chipboard, fiberboard, plywood)
-in the synthesis of a wide range of resins and plastics with reduced combustibility, flammability, smoke-forming ability, toxicity of combustion products and with reduced flame spread over the surface
-in the production of fire-resistant compounds based on rubbers, rubbers, artificial leather, lubricants.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) commercially, (former business area of Hoechst AG), Budenheim and other sources is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n(OH)2 showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.
However, depending on the degree of polymerization, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with APP-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
The properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.

Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000).
Consequently, short polymer chains and oligomers (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show decreasing solubility with increasing chain length.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with APP-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.
Further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).

The phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.

In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat therefore preventing the pyrolysis of the substrate.
Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with polyalcohols such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agent.

The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of APP are described in a series of publications.
Due to its uncritical toxicological and environmental profile, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) has the potential to widely substitute halogen-containing flame retardants in a series of applications like flexible and rigid PUR-foam and thermoplastics.

Soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) (SAPP) is employed to prepare flame retardant semirigid polyurethane foam (SPUF) using water as blowing agent.
The flame retardant property of SPUF is evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and horizontal burning test

Polyurethane foam is regarded as a versatile polymeric material for its comparatively excellent properties such as low density, high specific strength, great insulation, large specific surface area, and good sound-absorbing performance.
Polyurethane foam is more easily burned compared to other foams since there are many easily decomposing urea bonds in it.
Thus, it is necessary to improve the flame retardant property of polyurethane foam

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), as inorganic phosphorus flame retardant with nitrogen-phosphorus synergistic intumescent effect, has the advantages of thermal stability and lasting effect.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can also improve the mechanical properties of the material, so it is often used with other flame retardants, and the most common APP flame retardant studied by researchers is form II, of which the polymerization degree is greater than 1000.

In this paper, the water blown SPUF is synthesized only with soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) (SAPP) with a low polymerization degree.
Our aim is to study the effect of SAPP on the thermal degradation, the flame-resistant, and the mechanical properties of the SPUF.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), Cas No 68333-79-9, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
For the chemical point of view, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.

Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).
- APP phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
- The second family of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.

Main Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Solvent based and Water based intumescent coatings.
Flame retardant for polyurethanes.
Flame retardant for unsaturated polyesters.
Flame retardant for epoxies.
Flame retardant for acrylics.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
As a chemical, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is non-toxic, environmentally friendly and halogen-free.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is most commonly used as a flame retardant, selection of the specific grade of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can be determined by the solubility, Phosphorus content, chain length and polymerization degree.
The chain length (n) of this polymeric compound can be linear or branched.
Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).

APP phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
The second family of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a specialty chemical that finds many different uses in key industries.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts), is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen containing flame retardants, it can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.
Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications.

The most common Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) fertilizers have a N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) composition of 10-34-0 or 11-37-0.
Polyphosphate fertilizers offer the advantage of a high nutrient content in a clear, crystal-free fluid that remains stable within a wide temperature range and stores well for long periods.
A variety of other nutrients mix well with polyphosphate fertilizers, making them excellent carriers of micronutrients typically needed by plants.

Description of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)s are liquid fertilizers with compositions up to 11-37-0, manufactured by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia with superphosphoric acid.
Superphosphoric acid is made by the concentration of regular wet-process acid up to P2O5 concentrations of 78%.
Granular polyphosphates suitable for bulk blending are made by reacting ammonia with regular wet process acid of 52% P2O5 content and using the heat of reaction to drive off water to produce a phosphate melt of 10-43-0, with about 40% of the phosphorus in the polyphosphate form.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a fine-particle Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) (phase II) optimized for low viscosity in aqueous suspension and intumescent coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is largely insoluble in water and completely insoluble in organic solvents.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is colourless, non-hygroscopic and non-flammable.

Benefits of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Optimized for low viscosity in aqueous suspension, low water solubility and low acid number
Non-halogenated flame retardant with favorable environmental and health profile
Particularly suitable as an ”acid donor” for intumescent coatings thanks to its low water solubility. Steel structures coated with intumescent paints can meet the requirements of fire resistance classes specified in EN, DIN, BS, ASTM and others.
Their application on wood or plastics enables these materials to qualify for Building Material Class B (DIN EN 13501-1)
Imparts a good flame-retardant effect to adhesives and sealants when it is incorporated into the base formulation at the rate of 10 - 20%
Suitable non-halogenated flame retardant for polyurethane foams.

Flame retardants help to save lives by slowing down or stopping the spread of fire or reducing its intensity.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is also called fire retardants, they are used in anything from phones and curtains to car seats and buildings.
If a fire starts, they may be able to stop it completely – or slow it down and so provide precious extra time for escape.

Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can be used for all applications Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is suitable for.
In cases where a specific phosphorus content is required to obtain the desired effect, the lower phosphorus content of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) should be compensated by increasing the amount of product added.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can be used advantageously in intumescent coatings where the Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is required to have extremely low water solubility and where lower heat stability at temperatures above 300 °C contributes to more rapid foaming of the coating.

On account of its low water solubility, APP is particularly suitable as an ”acid donor” for intumescent coatings.
Other essential components of intumescent systems include a binder, a carbon donor (e.g. pentaerythritol) and a blowing agent (e.g. melamine).

On exposure to flame, the intumescent coatings form a carbonaceous foam which effectively shields the underlying material from temperature increases.
Steel structures coated with intumescent paints can meet the requirements of fire resistance classes specified in EN, DIN, BS, ASTM and others.

The application of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) based intumescent coatings on wood or plastics enables these materials to qualify for Building Material Class B (DIN EN 13501-1).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) imparts a good flame-retardant effect to adhesives and sealants when it is incorporated into the base formulation at the rate of 10 - 20 %.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is a suitable non-halogenated flame retardant for polyurethane foams.
If handling of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) as a solid is not possible we recommend the dosage of the flame retardant by preparing an APP/polyol-suspension.

Because of the low acid number of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) it is also possible to incorporate this flame retardant in an APP/isocyanate suspension.
To prevent the solid from settling the Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) suspensions should be stirred or circulated by pump.

Other applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) has an excellent flame-retardant effect in cellulose-containing materials such as paper and wood products.
With chipboard products the B classification according to DIN EN 13501-1 can be achieved by adding 15 - 20 % APP.
Casting resins based on epoxy resins or unsaturated polyester resins achieve the classification UL94-V0 with APP.

Packaging of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) is packed in 40 x 25 kg-paper bags (polyethylene inliner) net per 1.000 kg-pallet, shrink-wrapped.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) can also be supplied in a variety of big bags,shrink-wrapped.

Storage of Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts):
Minimum shelf life is 12 months from the date of shipping when stored according to the recommended conditions.

Synonyms
Ammonium Poly-phosphate
Ammonium Poly phosphate
Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts
Triammonium orthophosphate
Ammonium phosphate tribasic
Exolit AP 422
FR CROS 484
APP
APP-130
Phase I Grade APP130
H48N11O25P7
UNII-2ZJF06M0I9
polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts
APP
APP-0
XAP-01
APP-3
APP-1
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) flame retardant
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)
Water-SolubleAmmoniumPolyphosphate
CrystallinePhaseIiAmmoniumPolyphosphate
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)
Amyloid β/A4 Precursor Protein Fragment 328-332
APP1000 ( non-coated APP)
APP1001 (Melamine Coated APP)
APP1002 (Silicone Coated APP)
APP50 ( non-coated APP)
AMoMoniuM poly phoaphate
APP Ⅰ
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)(HONOR APP-HS)
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts)(HONOR APP-HM)
Anti-Aminopeptidase P3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-APP3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-Putative Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-X-Pro aminopeptidase 3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-XPNPEP3 antibody produced in rabbit
XPNPEP3
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) N＞1000
Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salt
FR-APP
Ammonium triphosphate
Pentaammonium triphosphate
14693-67-5
Novawhite
Sumisafe
Antiblaze MC
Antiblaze MCM
Amgard CL
Amgard MC
Amgard TR
Taien A
Taien H
Flameguard PT 8
Hostaflam 423
Fire-Trol LCG-R
Albaplas AP 95
Hostaflam AP 420
Hostaflam AP 422
Hostaflam AP 462
Hostaflam AP 464
Exolit 263
Exolit 422
Exolit 442
Exolit 454
Exolit 455
Exolit 462
Exolit 470
Phos-Chek P 30
Phos-Chek P 40
Phos-Chek P 60
Budit 365
Exolit AP 422
Exolit AP 423
Exolit AP 462
Budit 3076DC
DFP-I
Budit 3076
Budit 3077
Hostaflam TP-AP 751
Hostaflam TP-AP 752
FR-Cros 480
FR-Cros 484
APP 422
CHEBI:147408
AP 422
Ammonium Polyphosphate (Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts) (Phase II n>
68333-79-9
69333-79-9
98333-79-9
6833-79-9
NH4PO3n
NH4n2PnO3n1
Phosphorus Series
Flame retardant
UVCBs-polymer