BNPD (BRONOPOL)

BNPD (Bronopol) is a preservative and antiseptic used in cosmetics and topical medications.
BNPD (Bronopol) is a preservative in paints, textiles, cooling towers, humidifiers, and hide processing.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in cleaning agents, paints, cosmetics, glues, paper mills, water systems, metalworking fluids, polishes, and printing inks.

CAS Number: 52-51-7
EC Number: 200-143-0
Chemical formula: C3H6BrNO4
Molar mass: 199.988 g·mol−1

BNPD (Bronopol), chemical name: 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propylene glycol, claims again Bronopol, bromine nitre propyl alcohol, antibacterial alcohol, Pi Lebao etc.
BNPD (Bronopol) is a kind of white to light yellow crystalline powder, 120～123 DEG C of fusing points, soluble in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, insoluble in chloroform, acetone, benzene, etc.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a kind of wide spectrum, efficient, hypotoxicity fungicidal preservative within the scope of wider pH that brings into play anti-microbial activity, and yeast, and mold is had to good restraining effect, and gram-positive microorganism, negative bacterium inhibition that special antagonism is strong are outstanding.
Because BNPD (Bronopol) still can keep its germ resistance in positively charged ions, nonionogenic tenside, and protein solution thing, very suitable in shampoo, shampoo, whipping agents, make mold inhibitor, therefore be widely used in makeup; the mass fraction in makeup is 0.01wt%～0.02wt%, in global cosmetics preservative usage frequency statistics in 2003, is ranked first 8.

BNPD (Bronopol) is an active ingredient suitable for leave-on, rinse-off, and wet wipes applications.
BNPD (Bronopol) benefits include excellent bactericidal effect and vigorous activity against gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.).
This crystalline powder is a powerful preservative and suitable for a neutral pH rinse-off application even at low use levels.

BNPD (Bronopol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is a very cost-effective preservative for a broad range of cosmetic products, requiring deficient in-use concentrations.
The high water solubility makes it easy to use in cosmetic and detergent formulations.

FEATURES OF BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is a cost-effective preservative for a broad range of cosmetic products, requiring very low in-use concentrations
High water solubility makes BNPD (Bronopol) easy to use.
BNPD (Bronopol) especially active against bacteria.
Low in-use concentration and the relatively high irritation threshold make BNPD (Bronopol) an ideal preservative for delicate skin.

BNPD (Bronopol) can be prevented and treated because the black arm of the caused cotton of cabbage black rot Flavobacterium is sick or bacillary carving rot as cotton seeds treatment agent.
Along with the continuous expansion of application Areas, in the industries such as the paper industry, water treatment, coating, washing composition, shoe polish, oil field, be widely used as sterilization, mildew-resistant, and algicide.
External very active to the research of BNPD (Bronopol) synthetic method, in view of the huge market demand of China, more domestic units were also studied it in recent years and attempted to explore good suitability for industrialized production route.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a chemical compound of bromine and an antimicrobial substance.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals, as well as numerous consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics.

BNPD (Bronopol) is also used as an antimicrobial in many industrial environments, such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.
BNPD (Bronopol)s use is declining due to its recognized potential to decompose into carcinogenic nitrosamines.
BNPD (Bronopol) is also a formaldehyde releaser.

Identifiers of BNPD (Bronopol):
CAS Number:
52-51-7

ChEMBL:
ChEMBL1408862

ChemSpider:
2356

ECHA InfoCard:
100.000.131

EC Number:
200-143-0

KEGG:
D01577

PubChem CID:
2450

RTECS number:
TY3385000

UNII:
6PU1E16C9W

UN number:
3241

CompTox Dashboard (EPA):
DTXSID8024652

Properties of BNPD (Bronopol):
Chemical formula: C3H6BrNO4
Molar mass: 199.988 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1 g/cm3
Melting point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Boiling point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K) (decomposes)

BNPD (Bronopol) is a preservative and antiseptic used in cosmetics and topical medications.

KEYWORDS:
52-51-7, 200-143-0, 1 3-Propanediol 2-bromo-2-nitro-, Bronocot, Onyxide 500, 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1 3-propanediol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1 3-diol, Bronosol, Canguard 409, Lexgard bronopol

BNPD (Bronopol) (INN; chemical name 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial.
BNPD (Bronopol) is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow.
CAS Registry Number: 52-51-7

BNPD (Bronopol) is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems - in many of these systems, BNPD (Bronopol) can be a highly effective treatment).
BNPD (Bronopol) is also used as a substitute for Formaldehyde in chemical toilets.
The use of BNPD (Bronopol) in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the recognized potential for nitrosamine formation.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in various cosmetic, toiletry, and household preparations, particularly because of its high activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads.
These organisms are common residents in water and as such, can cause contamination and spoilage problems in cosmetics and toiletries.

Pseudomonads are frequently implicated, particularly in oil-in-water emulsions, which contain a significant amount of nonionic surfactants.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an effective antibacterial preservative over a wide pH range.
BNPD (Bronopol) is stable at acid pH and is also helpful as a labile antibacterial preservative in alkaline media.

Because of BNPD (Bronopol)s broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, BNPD (Bronopol) can also be used as an active agent, for example, in aerosol formulations.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been reported to show persistent activity on the skin by Marples and Kligman; this contrasts with the fact that in vitro, it has been shown to have a weak growth-inhibitory effect on cultured human skin cells by Onoda and Saito.

BNPD (Bronopol) is an antimicrobial agent used, inter alia, in the cosmetic industry and in the treatment of industrial waste water.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used as a preservative in many types of cosmetics, personal care products, and topical medications.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an anti-infective, antimicrobial, fungicide, germicide, bactericide, slimicide, and wood preservative.

BNPD (Bronopol) is reportedly very effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against fungi and yeasts.
BNPD (Bronopol) may release formaldehyde and cross-react with other formaldehyde-releasing substances.

BNPD (Bronopol) (INN) is a highly active antimicrobial chemical compound whose chemical formula is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an effective antimicrobial in many industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

The global BNPD (Bronopol) market grew at a CAGR of 6.5% during 2014-2019.
BNPD (Bronopol) is a colorless, water-soluble organic compound produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane.
BNPD (Bronopol) is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, usually available in shades of white and pale yellow, depending on the grade of iron content.

BNPD (Bronopol) is highly active against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts and has high purity and tensile strength.
BNPD (Bronopol)s biocidal uses include disinfection, and product preservation, along with the preservation of fibers, leather, and rubber.
Due to BNPD (Bronopol)s antimicrobial properties, it is extensively used for manufacturing medicines, cosmetics, and personal care products such as lotions, makeup, perfumes, and shampoos.

Increasing demand for drinkable water across the globe is the key factor driving the growth of the market.
BNPD (Bronopol) is widely used in several water treatment plants to meet this ever-increasing demand as it kills various types of bacteria present in the water and makes it fit for drinking.

Since water forms an indispensable part of industrial and residential activities, it is further contributing to the product demand.
Moreover, industrial water systems are a potential environment for bacterial growth, and BNPD (Bronopol) assists in preventing contamination through corrosion and slime in industrial water recirculating plants.

Additionally, increasing health awareness among consumers regarding the diseases caused by water-borne pathogens and bacterial growth is catalyzing market growth.
Also, rising activities in the oil and gas sector, where BNPD (Bronopol) is used to prevent corrosion due to bacterial contamination in hydraulic fracturing equipment, are driving the product demand.

Due to BNPD (Bronopol)s low mammalian toxicity at in-use levels and high activity against bacteria, especially Gram-negative species, BNPD (Bronopol) became popular as a preservative in many consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics.
BNPD (Bronopol) was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

BNPD (Bronopol) is produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, which is derived from nitromethane by a nitroaldol reaction.
World production increased from the tens of tonnes in the late 1970s to current estimates in excess of 5,000 tonnes.
Manufacturing today is the business of low-cost producers, mainly in China.

Physical and chemical properties of BNPD (Bronopol):
Appearance of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in color depending on the grade.
The yellow coloration is due to the chelation of iron during the manufacturing process.

Melting point of BNPD (Bronopol):
As a pure material, BNPD (Bronopol) has a melting point of about 130 °C.
However, due to BNPD (Bronopol)s polymorphic characteristics, BNPD (Bronopol) undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.
At temperatures above 140 °C, BNPD (Bronopol) decomposes exothermically, releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Solubility of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic.
Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.
BNPD (Bronopol) is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

Solubilities at 22–25 °C:
Solvent : %w/v
Water : 28
Methanol : 89
Ethanol : 56
Isopropanol : 41
Liquid Paraffin : <0.5

Partition coefficient of BNPD (Bronopol):
A study of the solubility data shows that BNPD (Bronopol) has a high affinity for polar rather than non-polar environments.
In two-phase systems, BNPD (Bronopol) partitions preferentially into the polar (usually aqueous) phase.

Partition coefficients at 22–24 °C:
Solvent Combination : Partition Co-efficient
Hexanol/Water : 0.74
Alkane|Liquid Paraffin/Water : 0.043
Chloroform/Water : 0.068

Stability in aqueous solution of BNPD (Bronopol):
In aqueous solutions, BNPD (Bronopol) is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral.
Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.

Degradation of BNPD (Bronopol):
Under extreme alkaline conditions, BNPD (Bronopol) decomposes in an aqueous solution, and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced.
Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with BNPD (Bronopol).
Other decomposition products detected after BNPD (Bronopol) breakdown are bromide ions, nitrite ions, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

Allergy:

Patch test:
In 2005–2006, it was the 15th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.4%) of people with suspected allergic contact dermatitis.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a substitute for formaldehyde, a disinfectant, and preservative, in solvents.
BNPD (Bronopol) is prevalent in the skin and personal care products and topical medications.

BNPD (Bronopol) strongly inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria.
BNPD (Bronopol) also is highly effective in eliminating the growth of Pseudomonas species, including pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

BNPD (Bronopol)s applications include cosmetic, pharmaceutical, toiletry, and household products.
When the control of yeasts and molds is required, BNPD (Bronopol) can be combined with other antimicrobials that provide additional anti-fungicidal activity.

Blends of BNPD (Bronopol) and Parabens give excellent coverage of all microbial spectra.
High compatibility with cationic, nonionic, anionic, and amphoteric surfactants and many other raw materials, including other preservatives, makes BNPD (Bronopol) a very versatile product.

BNPD (Bronopol) is soluble in water and other polar solvents such as propylene glycol and isopropanol.
We recommend adding BNPD (Bronopol) to the aqueous phase as it will prevent the primary bacterial growth that takes place in this medium.
BNPD (Bronopol) breaks down under alkaline conditions and elevated temperatures and should not be used in combination with secondary amines.

This can lead to an undesired chemical reaction and the formation of nitrosamines.
For coldprocess products, we recommend adding BNPD (Bronopol) from the onset of the formulation preparation process.

CAS number: 52-51-7
Gross formula: C3H6BrNO4
Appearance: white or beige crystalline substance.
Chemical name and synonym: 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, BNPD (Bronopol).

Physical and chemical properties of BNPD (Bronopol):
Molecular weight: 199.99 g / mol
Melting point: 124-129 ºC
Solubility in water: 25 g / 100 ml (22 ºC)

Description of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is a white, odorless crystalline substance that melts at about 130 ºC. It is readily soluble in water, lower alcohols, acetic acid, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, but poorly soluble in chloroform, acetone and practically insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents.
The values of the solubility of BNPD (Bronopol) in some solvents are as follows (w / v% at 22-25 ° C): water 28; methyl alcohol 89; ethyl alcohol 56; isopropyl alcohol 41; ethylene glycol 61; methylcarbitol 54; 1,2-propylene glycol 52; dipropylene glycol 48; polyethylene glycol 300; diethyl sebacate 10; isopropyl myristate, mineral oil and vegetable oils less than 0.5.

Aqueous solutions of a pure compound have a pH of 5.0-5.5, which is explained by the mobility of hydroxyl hydrogen atoms.
Solid compound can be stored for 3 years or longer, it is not influenced by factors such as daylight, humidity (up to 90%) and temperature (up to 45 ° C).

However, an aqueous solution of BNPD (Bronopol) is stable only in the cold, provided that the acidity is high enough.
An increase in pH and temperature leads to the decomposition of the compound as a result of the decomposition of formaldehyde.

The initial process of decomposition of BNPD (Bronopol) appears to be a retroaldol reaction with the release of formaldehyde and the formation of bromonitroethanol.
Bromonitroethanol itself is significantly less stable than BNPD (Bronopol), and in the range of conditions studied, its maximum concentration did not exceed 0.5% of the initial concentrations of BNPD (Bronopol).

At the same time, a second-order reaction occurs with the participation of BNPD (Bronopol) and formaldehyde to obtain 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol.
The antimicrobial activity of BNPD (Bronopol) is mainly due to the presence of electron-deficient bromine atoms in the molecules, which exhibit oxidizing properties, and not the ability to release formaldehyde.

The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of BNPD (Bronopol) consists of cross-linking of sulfhydride groups of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur on the surface of microbial cells.
Disulfide bridges block the metabolism of microorganisms.

Applications of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in various cosmetic and household products due to its high activity against gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads.
These organisms are common water dwellers and can cause pollution and deterioration problems.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an effective antibacterial preservative in a wide pH range.

BNPD (Bronopol) is stable at acidic pH values and is also useful as a labile antibacterial preservative in an alkaline environment.
Due to BNPD (Bronopol)s broad spectrum antibacterial activity, BNPD (Bronopol) can also be used as an active agent, for example in aerosol preparations.

Receiving:
The method for producing BNPD (Bronopol) includes loading the reaction vessel with water, bromopicrin, nitromethane and paraformaldehyde, gradually supplying the base to the reaction vessel with stirring, bringing the reaction to completion and separating BNPD (Bronopol) from the aqueous reaction mixture.
BNPD (Bronopol) products are currently registered for use in oilfield systems, air purification systems, industrial water treatment systems, laboratory water baths, coatings, emulsions, air conditioning / humidification systems, pulp and paper industry systems, metalworking cutting fluids, and also consumer / institutional products.

Action on the body:
BNPD (Bronopol) (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is a bactericide with limited effectiveness against fungal organisms.
BNPD (Bronopol) is active against Pseudomonas species and should be used at a pH of 5 to 8.8, below the application temperature of 45 ° C.
BNPD (Bronopol) has a complex mechanism of action that attacks thiol groups in cells, suppressing respiration and cellular metabolism.

Research indicates that BNPD (Bronopol) is a corrosive eye irritant and moderate to severe skin irritant in rabbits.
The fate of the environment and the ecological consequences of the use of BNPD (Bronopol) are moderately highly toxic for estuarine / marine invertebrates; slightly toxic to marine fish; slightly toxic to birds with acute oral ingestion.
However, no quantitative risk assessment has been carried out.

The risk to the aquatic environment is being addressed under the NPDES permitting program by the Water Resources Authority.
BNPD (Bronopol) is now required that labels on all products containing BNPD (Bronopol) meet NPDES requirements.

Toxicological data about BNPD (Bronopol):

Acute toxicity:
LD50 oral - rat - 180 mg / kg
LD50 cutaneous - rat - 1.600 mg / kg
Oral (LD50): 270 mg / kg [Mouse].
Oral (LD50): 250 mg / kg [Dog].

Ecotoxicity:
Fish toxicity LC50 - Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) - 20 mg / l - 96 h
Toxicity to Daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates.
EC50 - Daphnia magna (large daphnia) - 1.6 mg / l - 48 h
Very toxic to aquatic life.
Bacteria: Phytobacterium phosphoreum: EC50 = 0.41-0.90 mg / l; 5.15.30 minutes; Microtoxic test; 15 degrees Celsius.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a fairly popular broad-spectrum preservative, which allows it to be used in some formulations as the only preservative.
BNPD (Bronopol) is effective at low concentrations; as a rule, dosages used in cosmetics are below the maximum allowable limit of 0.1%, established by law.

The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of BNPD (Bronopol) is quite complex, and, as a rule, it is not associated with the release of formaldehyde.
That is why BNPD (Bronopol) is considered that it is a mistake to classify this preservative as a typical formaldehyde donor.
Nevertheless, BNPD (Bronopol) cannot be denied that formaldehyde is nevertheless formed during the decomposition of BNPD (Bronopol), and the presence of cross-sensitivity to BNPD (Bronopol) with an established allergy to formaldehyde takes place. However, the release of formaldehyde does not occur at the same rate and in the same amount under different conditions.

The main factors affecting the destruction of BNPD (Bronopol) are pH, sunlight, and temperature.
It was found that with the addition of citric acid, which lowers the pH, the decomposition of BNPD (Bronopol) in aqueous solutions slows down, which is quite natural, and an increase in temperature and exposure to sunlight increases the rate of decomposition.
These facts are taken into account when formulating recipes.

There are few quantitative data on the destruction of BNPD (Bronopol) - much less than for typical formaldehyde donors, but they are still there; the highest concentration of formaldehyde in alkaline compounds, which is quite natural, but they are not so high as to cause concern or put a warning about the presence of formaldehyde in the marking.
The pH range from 5 to 6 can be considered quite favorable for the preservative's behavior and for the skin.

BNPD (Bronopol), like other preservatives, can cause the development of symptoms of contact dermatitis, but in most cases, it does not belong to the leaders but rather an outsider.
A different situation is observed only in the case of serious skin diseases, such as chronic eczema or atopic dermatitis, in which the normal barrier function of the skin is disrupted, and the frequency of using special cosmetics designed to relieve symptoms is increased, which leads to an increased risk of developing sensitization.
But the specificity of allergic reactions to BNPD (Bronopol) is not due to formaldehyde but to other products of its decay, such as 2-bromoethanol, 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol and bromonitromethane.

The connection between the use of BNPD (Bronopol) in cosmetics and the potential for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines theoretically exists (and if the established precautions are not followed, it can be realized in practice), but for this, restrictions are introduced to minimize these risks.
Nitrosamines are found almost everywhere in the environment; moreover, they are formed in the human digestive tract due to the reaction between secondary amines or amides and nitrite ions.

BNPD (Bronopol) itself is not a nitrosating agent, but under conditions under which it decomposes (alkaline environment and/or elevated temperature), it can release nitrite ions, capable of producing nitrosamines - if anything, because for this reaction, there is only nitrite is not enough.
Accordingly, BNPD (Bronopol) is not used where there is a risk of formation of nitrosamines, and cosmetic raw materials, which may contain trace amounts of secondary amines or amides, undergo thorough cleaning and strict control.

BNPD (Bronopol) has been shown to possess awide spectrum of antibacterial activity.
BNPD (Bronopol)s activity against Gram-negative organisms, particularly Ps. aeruginosa, is greater than that of most other antibacterial and preservative agents.

Activity and safety of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is most stable under acid conditions, although it demonstrates high antibacterial activity over a wide pH range.
The mode of decomposition has been studied in detail, and a number of the decomposition products identified.

The assay methods described are capable of estimating BNPD (Bronopol) in many formulations at its normally used levels, the sensitivity of the methods is dependent upon the nature of the formulations; in certain cases levels as low as 5 ppm can be assayed.
BNPD (Bronopol) is generally used as a preservative in formulations at levels between 0.01 and 0.1 •o.

Animal toxicity studies and human patch tests have demonstrated the safety of BNPD (Bronopol) when used at these concentrations.
In particular, no evidence of human skin sensitization has been obtained at these levels.

BNPD (Bronopol) has been shown to be an effective antibacterial agent in a range of formulations, including shampoos, skin creams and sprays, and bath products.
Many of the ingredients used in such products have been shown to have little or no effect on the antibacterial activity of BNPD (Bronopol), although compounds containing sulphydryl groups are antagonistic to its activity.

Antimicrobial preservatives (as BNPD (Bronopol)) are widely used in cosmetics and toiletries to prevent the spoilage of products due to microbial contamination that can be presented in wastewater and in sewage sludge and may inhibit the process of anaerobic sludge stabilization
BNPD (Bronopol) (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol) is a white odourless crystalline substance well soluble in water, lower alcohols, diethyl ether, ethylacetate, and acetic acid.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative and antiseptic agent in liquid medication forms, cosmetic creams, gels and aerosols, deodorants, foot powders, liquid soap, shampoo, household detergents, cleaning pastes, polishing compounds, toilet water deodorants etc.
BNPD (Bronopol) is also used as a biocide in industrial processes, for example, textiles, paper mills, and cooling water systems.

BNPD (Bronopol) is toxic for a wide spectrum of microorganisms, including Gram-negative species, resistant to lots of antibacterial agents.
The antimicrobial behavior of BNPD (Bronopol) is caused by electron-deficient bromine atoms in the molecules, which have oxidation properties.

The antimicrobial mechanism of BNPD (Bronopol) in the cross-linking of sulfohydrids of enzymes existing on the microbial cells surface.
Adaptation to BNPD (Bronopol) is theoretically impossible because of its nonspecific mechanism.

The main advantage of BNPD (Bronopol) is high antimicrobial activity combinated with relatively low toxic effect to hot-blooded animals.
Dissolution of BNPD (Bronopol) in an aqueous solution at warm temperature and higher pH may lead to the release of formaldehyde that is converted into formic acid.
In aqueous solutions, BNPD (Bronopol) rapidly degrades to many transformation products like 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol, bromonitromethane, tri(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, nitromethane, 2-bromoethanol, formaldehyde ect. However, its antimicrobial behavior is still acceptable.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for topical cosmetics and toiletries
BNPD (Bronopol) is a white and almost white crystalline powder that is soluble in water.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as an effective preservative agent and possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the growth of fungi and yeasts.
BNPD (Bronopol) can be used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products, especially in leave-on and rinse-off shampoos, creams, lotions, rinses and eye makeup to protect the product integrity by preventing or slowing bacterial growth.

EC / List no.: 200-143-0
CAS no.: 52-51-7
Mol. formula: C3H6BrNO4
IUPAC name: 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

Chemical formula: C3H6BrNO4
Molar mass: 199.988 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1 g/cm3
Melting point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Boiling point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)

BNPD (Bronopol) is a preservative and antiseptic used in cosmetics and topical medications.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in paints, textiles, cooling towers, humidifiers, and hide processing.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in cleaning agents, paints, cosmetics, glues, paper mills, water systems, metalworking fluids, polishes, and printing inks.

BNPD (Bronopol) became popular as a preservative in many consumer products, such as shampoos and cosmetics, due to its low mammalian toxicity at in-use levels and high activity against bacteria, especially Gram-negative species.
BNPD (Bronopol) was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a kind of wide spectrum, efficient, hypotoxicity fungicidal preservative within the scope of wider pH that brings into play anti-microbial activity, and yeast, and mold are had a good restraining effect, and gram-positive microorganism, negative bacterium inhibition that special antagonism is strong are outstanding.
Because it still can keep its germ resistance in positively charged ions, nonionogenic tenside and protein solution thing, very suitable in shampoo, shampoo, whipping agents, make mold inhibitors, therefore, be widely used in makeup; mass fraction in makeup is 0.01wt%～0.02wt%, in global cosmetics preservative usage frequency statistics in 2003, is ranked first 8.

BNPD (Bronopol) is effective against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with the inclusion of sulfate-reducing species.
BNPD (Bronopol) is suitable for use as a slimicide in the water circulation of paper machines (wet end).
BNPD (Bronopol) is used for the preservation of raw and auxiliary materials for paper production.

BNPD (Bronopol) can be used for water treatment of industrial cooling water circuits.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used for the preservation of cleaners, surfactants, fountain solutions, polymer dispersions, synthetic adhesives, pigment slurries and other chemical-technical preparations based on water.

BNPD (Bronopol) is fully effective both in anionic as well as cationic and non-ionic systems.
Usage of BNPD (Bronopol) at High pH values (> pH 8.0) should be avoided.

Acidic pH values have no negative influence on the effectiveness.
BNPD (Bronopol) is fully soluble in water and in most polar organic solvents.

Product Benefits of BNPD (Bronopol):
Suitable for the preservation of water-based household products
Bactericidal effect
Excellent efficacy against pseudomonas
Effective even in very low use-concentrations
Effective in pH ranges up to 8

Product Types:
Preservatives for products during storage
Preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems
Slimicides

Applications of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as in a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems - in many of these systems, BNPD (Bronopol) can be a highly effective treatment).
The use of BNPD (Bronopol) in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines.
While BNPD (Bronopol) is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures), it can liberate nitrite, and low levels of formaldehyde, and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of these substances, the term 'significant' means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion).

Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to avoid the formation of nitrosamines which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing BNPD (Bronopol) from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been restricted for use in cosmetics in Canada.

Physical and chemical properties of BNPD (Bronopol):

Appearance of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in color depending on the grade.
The yellow coloration of BNPD (Bronopol) is due to the chelation of iron during the manufacturing process.

The melting point of BNPD (Bronopol):
As a pure material, BNPD (Bronopol) has a melting point of about 130 °C.
However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, BNPD (Bronopol) undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C, and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.
At temperatures above 140 °C, BNPD (Bronopol) decomposes exothermically, releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Regulatory process names:
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1,3-DIOL
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol
beta-Bromo-beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol
Bronidiol
Bronocot
Bronopol
Bronopol
bronopol
bronopol (INN)
bronopol (INN); 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
Bronopolu
Bronopolum
Bronosol
Bronotak
Lexgard bronopol
Onyxide 500

Translated names:
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (cs)
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (da)
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (no)
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (sv)
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolis (lt)
2-brom-2-nitropropān-1,3-diols (lv)
2-Brom-2-nitroropan-1,3-diol (de)
2-Bromi-2-nitropropaani-1,3-dioli (fi)
2-bromo-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diool (et)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (hr)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (mt)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (ro)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (sl)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolo (it)
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)
2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol (es)
2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol (pl)
2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol (pt)
2-broom-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diol (nl)
2-bróm-2-nitropropán-1,3-diol (hu)
2-bróm-2-nitropropán-1,3-diol (sk)
2-βρωμο-2-νιτρο-προπανο-1,3-διόλη (el)
2-бромо-2-нитропропан-1,3-диол (bg)
bronopol (cs)
bronopol (da)
Bronopol (de)
Bronopol (el)
Bronopol (es)
Bronopol (fr)
Bronopol (hr)
Bronopol (hu)
Bronopol (it)
Bronopol (mt)
Bronopol (nl)
Bronopol (no)
bronopol (no)
Bronopol (pl)
Bronopol (pt)
Bronopol (ro)
bronopol (sk)
Bronopol (sl)
Bronopol (sv)
bronopol (DCI) (es)
bronopol (DCI) (it)
bronopol (DCI) (pt)
bronopol (INN) (cs)
bronopol (INN) (da)
Bronopol (INN) (de)
bronopol (INN) (el)
bronopol (INN) (hr)
bronopol (INN) (hu)
bronopol (INN) (mt)
bronopol (INN) (nl)
Bronopol (INN) (ro)
bronopol (INN) (sk)
bronopol (INN) (sl)
bronopol (INN) (sv)
bronopol (INN); 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)
Bronopoli (fi)
Bronopoli (INN) (fi)
Bronopolis (lt)
bronopolis (INN) (lt)
Bronopols (lv)
bronopols (INN) (lv)
Bronopool (et)
bronopool (INN) (et)
Бронопол (bg)
бронопол (INN) (bg)

CAS names:
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-

IUPAC names:
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
2 bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-Brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
2-Brom-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol
2-brom-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediolbronopol
2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol bronopol (INN)
2-bromo-2nitropropane-1,3-diol
Bromnitropropandiol
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-_
BRONOPOL
Bronopol
bronopol
Bronopol
bronopol
bronopol (INN)
bronopol (inn)
bronopol (INN); 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
Morpholin-4-yl morpholine-4-carbodithioate

Trade names:
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (chemical name)
BNPD (abbreviated common name)
Bronopol (common name)
Myacide AS (trade name)
Myacide Pharma (trade name)
Protectol BN CO

Other names:
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
Bronocot
Onyxide 500
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
Bronosol
2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol
2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
β-Bromo-β-nitrotrimethyleneglycol
Bronopolu
Bronotak
Bioban
Bronidiol
Canguard 409
Lexgard bronopol
Myacide AS plus
Myacide BT
NSC 141021
Myacide Pharma BP
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol
beta-Bromo-beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol
Bronidiol
Bronocot
Bronopolu
Bronopolum
Bronosol
Bronotak
Lexgard bronopol
Onyxide 500

Translated names:
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (cs)
2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolis (lt)
2-brom-2-nitropropān-1,3-diols (lv)
2-Brom-2-nitroropan-1,3-diol (de)
2-Bromi-2-nitropropaani-1,3-dioli (fi)
2-bromo-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diool (et)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (hr)
2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolo (it)
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)
2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol (es)
2-broom-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diol (nl)
2-bróm-2-nitropropán-1,3-diol (hu)
2-βρωμο-2-νιτρο-προπανο-1,3-διόλη (el)
2-бромо-2-нитропропан-1,3-диол (bg)
bronopol (cs)
bronopol (DCI) (es)
bronopol (INN) (cs)
bronopol (INN); 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)
Bronopoli (fi)
Bronopoli (INN) (fi)
Bronopolis (lt)
bronopolis (INN) (lt)
Bronopols (lv)
bronopols (INN) (lv)
Bronopool (et)
bronopool (INN) (et)
Бронопол (bg)
Biocidal active substances
бронопол (INN) (bg)

IUPAC names:
2 bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
2-Brom-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol
2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediolbronopol
2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol bronopol (INN)
2-bromo-2nitropropane-1,3-diol
BromnitropropandiolBronopolRD_CLP_52-51-7_1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-_V1_20180110_TS
Morpholin-4-yl morpholine-4-carbodithioate
Trade names
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (chemical name)
BNPD
Bronopol (common name)
bronopol
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
52-51-7
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
Bronosol
Bronocot
Bronidiol
Bronopolu
Bronotak
1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
Onyxide 500
Lexgard bronopol
2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol
BNPD
MFCD00007390
beta-Bromo-beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol
NSC 141021
CHEBI:31306
NSC-141021
6PU1E16C9W
NCGC00164057-01
Bronopolum
Bronopolu [Polish]
Caswell No. 116A
Bioban
Bronopolum [INN-Latin]
Myacide AS plus
Myacide BT
CAS-52-51-7
Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN]
Myacide Pharma BP
Canguard 409
BNPK
HSDB 7195
EINECS 200-143-0
UN3241
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 216400
BRN 1705868
UNII-6PU1E16C9W
AI3-61639
2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol
Bronopol (JAN/INN)
BRONOPOL [HSDB]
BRONOPOL [INN]
BRONOPOL [JAN]
BRONOPOL [MI]
BRONOPOL [VANDF]
BRONOPOL [MART.]
WLN: WNXE1Q1Q
1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol)
BRONOPOL [WHO-DD]
EC 200-143-0
SCHEMBL23260
Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix)
CHEMBL1408862
DTXSID8024652
SCHEMBL16556987
LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-
2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol
AMY8948
2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol
2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid]
ALBB-031641
HY-B1217
ZINC1088216
Tox21_112079
Tox21_300126
BDBM50248122
NSC141021
s4553
2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol
AKOS003606838
CCG-213823
CS-4699
DB13960
NCGC00164057-02
NCGC00164057-03
NCGC00253984-01
AS-11889
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, 98%
.beta.-Bromo-.beta.-nitrotrimethyleneglycol
DB-027831
B1247
Bronopol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
FT-0611399
52B517
D01577
E85247
EN300-141420
AB01563195_01
2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1,3-DIOL [INCI]
A829125
SR-01000944249
Q-200765
Q2462902
SR-01000944249-1