HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)

CAS number: 79-14-1
EC number: 201-180-5

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a natural organic acid, also called alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA).
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is usually made from sugar cane.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in mild peels and acid-based exfoliators.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) accelerates the loss of dead cells and promotes cell renewal.
Like other fruit acids, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used to smooth wrinkles, lighten the complexion, fade pigments and irregularities of the skin.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is found in some sugar-crops.

Applications of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)v is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid PineSol.

Skin care:
Due to Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Physicianstrength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5.
Once applied, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.

Safety of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a strong irritant depending on pH.
Like ethylene glycol, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is metabolized to oxalic acid, which could make it dangerous if ingested.

Organic synthesis of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidationreduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Agriculture of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Many plants make Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) during photorespiration.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s role consumes significant amounts of energy.
In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.
The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) derives from an acetic acid.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.
A glycolate or glycollate is a salt or ester of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), the most common alpha hydroxide acid (AHA), stimulates new growth of skin, collagen and elastin.
As well as working to diminish brown spots and hyperpigmentation, it also reduces fine lines, wrinkles, acne, scars and other signs of ageing.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Brightening Solution prevents dead cells from clumping together, thus increasing cell turnover.
The skin appears bright and rejuvenated, reflecting a healthy glow.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most commonly used form of Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs), which are a group of naturally occurring acids derived from certain plants and fruits.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is considered to decrease the stratum corneum barrier and increase the penetration of topical agents; it works by stimulating new growth of skin and collagen and has an exfoliant action, once applied Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
Furthermore Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) stimulates glycos-aminos-glycans like hyaluronic acid.
The result is a much-smoother skin surface and a more youthful appearance.

Another benefit is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)’s ability to draw moisturizers into the newly-exfoliated skin surface.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, age spots as well as improves sun-damaged skin.
When used in combination with polyvitamins, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also useful for reducing stretch marks.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a natural constituent of sugar cane and normalizes the skin’s exfoliation process refining the appearance of pore size and smoothing the look of fine lines and wrinkles as it re-texturizes skin
Alpha hydroxy acids, or AHAs, have long been known to be excellent additions to every skincare routine, but when you see these ingredients on product labels, you may not immediately recognize them.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), which is one of the five AHAs, is arguably the most common of this group for its use in skincare products
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is one of the alpha hydroxy acids.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is derived from sugar cane and is the smallest molecule of the five AHAs.

Along with lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acids, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is one of the alpha hydroxy acids.
These ingredients are naturally-occurring, although they can also be created synthetically.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is derived from sugar cane and is the smallest molecule of the five AHAs.
Because of this quality, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can penetrate the skin with ease, making it an excellent addition to skincare products aimed at improving the appearance of skin discoloration and dullness.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has the ability to help remove dead cells from the surface of the skin and stimulate the regeneration of new ones.
As a result, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) significantly improves the appearance of the skin, reducing blemishes and scars, wrinkles and imperfections and adding radiance and vitality to the face.

Glycolic Spray is a professional peeling based on Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), an active with a keratolytic and exfoliating action.
The concentration of the acid in free form enables an efficient peeling effect in a short time.

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) – Also called Hydroacetic Acid, it is the smallest and best known among the alpha-hydroxy acids.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has no colour nor smell and is highly soluble in water.

Although Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) may be created through a chemical reaction, it can be classified as a natural product because it is extracted from the fruit (pineapple, sugar cane, sugar beet, unripe grapes and melon).
Thanks to Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s great solubility and acidity, the Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a perfect exfoliating active.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) penetrates into the dermis, weakening the lipids of the dead skin and promoting their expulsion.

While a couple of ingredients are being hailed as miracle agents in the skincare industry, one consistent winner getting maximum mentions by dermatologists is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
A plant-derived active ingredient, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can address a tide of skin issues from acne to pigmentation and aging.

Additionally, using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) with other skincare products can help to increase the effectiveness of those products by exfoliating the skin’s surface,
Primarily, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a skin retexturizing ingredient, working to sweep away the outer layer of dead skin cells to reveal the fresh, revitalized skin underneath.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) may also help to reduce the appearance of acne scars, blemishes, age spots and large pores by aiding in cell turnover.

Additionally, using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) with other skincare products can help to increase the effectiveness of those products by exfoliating the skin’s surface, which may help topical products to fully penetrate.
For a soothing effect, ingredients such as allantoin glycyrrhetinic acid, bisabolol and portulaca extract work alongside Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) and the retinoid to provide a sensation of calmness.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) skincare products come in many different forms, but for a more comprehensive anti-aging strategy, it may be most effective when paired with other anti-aging ingredients as well.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a powerhouse ingredient in many skin care products.
From anti-aging to moisturizing, hyperpigmentation to dullness, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treats a number of skin care issues, all without causing dryness or irritating sensitive skin.

But what exactly is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), and what are the best Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) products you can add to your skin care routine?
We answer these questions and more in your ultimate guide to everything Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

So What is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha-hydroxy acid (or AHAs) derived from sugarcane.
The smallest of all the AHAs, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is in the same league as other powerful skin care ingredients, like lactic acid and citric acid.
Because Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s so small and has such a low molecular weight, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can actually penetrate your skin's barrier and go deeper than other acids.

So, what does this mean for your skin?
Well, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s awesome when it comes to exfoliating, because Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can slough away dead skin cells like nothing else to reveal your inner glow.

In fact, whether you have acne and clogged pores, or want to soothe dry skin or dullness, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is your one-stop stop for radiant, even-toned skin.
And, because it's so lightweight, it's less likely than other skin care acids (like salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide) to cause irritation for sensitive skin types.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)-based chemical peel that removes dead cells and promotes their renewal.
Leaves skin soft and velvety. Ideal for fighting the signs of aging, skin blemishes and imperfections.
It is important to know the ingredients contained in your cosmetics when buying them and to optimize their use in order to achieve the results you expect from them.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most popular of the AHAs, as it has a very small molecular chain that allows it to penetrate into different layers of the skin, deeper or more superficial, depending on its concentration.
In low concentrations Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has moisturising properties and in high concentrations it is a powerful exfoliant.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has the ability to help remove dead cells from the surface of the skin and stimulate the regeneration of new ones.
As a result, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) significantly improves the appearance of the skin, reducing blemishes and scars, wrinkles and imperfections and adding radiance and vitality to the face.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a naturally occurring substance, that when used in skincare products offers many benefits to the skin, from rejuvenating to moisturizing.
In its raw state, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a powder made up of colorless crystals that have no scent.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) and Lactic Acid are naturally occuring organic acids also known as Alpha Hydroxy Acids or AHAs.
The salts of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (Ammonium Glycolate, Sodium Glycolate), the salts of Lactic Acid (Ammonium Lactate, Calcium Lactate, Potassiu Lactate, Sodium Lactate, TEA-Lactate) and the esters of Lactic Acid (Methyl Lactate, Ethyl Lactate, Butyl Lactate, Lauryl Lactate, Myristyl Lactate, Cetyl Lactate) may also be used in cosmetics and personal care products.
In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, and other skin care products, as well as in makeup, shampoos, hair dyes and colors and other hair care products.

Why is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) used in cosmetics and personal care products?
The following functions have been reported for Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), Lactic Acid and their salts and esters.

When Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) comes to exfoliating your face, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is up there as one of the best of the bunch
A type of alpha-hydroxy-acid (or AHA), Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) gently removes the outer most layer of dead skin cells revealing a brighter, fresher looking complexion.
A gold-standard in skincare, discover its benefits with our range of tonics, cleansing pads, ampules and more.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (Hydroacetic Acid) is an α-hydroxy acid.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solutions having concentration of 70% and pH range of 0.08 to 2.75 are widely employed as superficial chemical peeling agents.
Various oligomers or polymers of lactic and/or Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (low molecular weight) have been prepared.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be determined via plant tissue coupled flow injection chemiluminescence biosensors, which can be used both as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.[4][5]

Applications of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (Hydroacetic Acid) has been used in the preparation of PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer (PLGA = poly(lactic/glycolic, PEG = polyethylene glycol).

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)’s the most researched AHA with the most proven skin benefits
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) gently lifts off dead skin cells to reveal newer, fresher, smoother skin
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can help skin’s own collagen production that results in firmer, younger skin
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can fade brown spots caused by sun damage or PIH

Choose a product where you know the concentration and pH value because these two greatly influence effectiveness
Don’t forget to use your sunscreen (in any case but especially so next to an AHA product)
Slight stinging or burning with a stronger AHA product is normal
If your skin is very sensitive, rosacea prone choose rather a BHA or PHA product

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most commonly used alpha hydroxy acid, owing to its reputation as one of the safest and most effective.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s molecules are the smallest among the AHAs, so it's able to penetrate skin better and be absorbed readily.

It works by actually destroying the bonds between old skin cells, freeing them so they can be sloughed off.
This might sound scary and counterproductive, but it's actually quite beneficial.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Skin Benefits:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an exfoliator, which means that it safely removes the outer layer of dead skin cells.
In this way, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) helps accelerate your skin's renewal process, bringing fresh, new skin to the surface on a regular basis when used routinely. This can help your skin look younger and dewier, with a glow that arises from increased circulation and faster cell turnover.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s much more than anti-aging product, though; Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) also helps lighten discolorations such as sun and age spots.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can even help skin that's prone to blackheads, whiteheads, and acne by keeping pores clear of old skin that tends to clog them and cause problems.

WHAT IS Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) USED FOR?
Primarily, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used for getting rid of dead skin cells.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s also popular for its exfoliating properties, making it beneficial for un-clogging pores and thoroughly cleansing your face.

WHAT DOES Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) DO, EXACTLY?
As a chemical exfoliant, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) breaks down the substance that holds dead skin cells together.
While some skin treatments cleanse the upper layer of your skin, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) penetrates deeper and un-clogs your pores from their base level.
This process of 'waking up' the skin leads to higher cell turnover and more youthful looking skin.

HOW DOES Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) COMPARE TO OTHER CHEMICAL EXFOLIANTS?
Compared to, say, salicylic acid, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be a little harsh. While Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peels were once at go-to for facialists, they've since fallen in popularity.
Instead, other popular, at-home products involving Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) have become readily available on the market, including cleansers, toners and pads.
While still good for your skin, these products involve a lower concentration of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), so as to avoid damaging and wearing out your skin.

History of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
The name "Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent.
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)" (acide glycolique).

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov.
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoHydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (Glykolsäure).

IUPAC name: 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
Preferred IUPAC name: Hydroacetic Acid

Other names:
dicarbonous acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
hydroacetic acid

CAS Number: 79-14-1

Hydroxyacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a natural organic acid, also called alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA).

KEYWORDS:
79-14-1, 201-180-5, Glycolic Acid, Acetic acid 2-hydroxy-, AKOS BBS-00004277, 2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID, GlycolicAcid 70%Solution, CHC-22, HOCH2COOH, Hydroxyacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid): 70% AQUEOU

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), a type of alpha-hydroxy acid, is a chemical exfoliator that battles both acne and wrinkles.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s also effective at reducing dark spots and evening skin tone.

Preparation of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s are formic acid-free.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

Properties of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid that exfoliates the skin.
This 7% toning solution offers mild exfoliation for improved skin radiance and visible clarity.
The formula also improves the appearance of skin texture with continued use.

This formula contains a studied Tasmanian Pepperberry derivative to help reduce irritation associated with acid use.
This derivative is of plant origin and varies in colour seasonally and this colour variation may be apparent in the formula from time to time.
The formula is further supported with inclusion of ginseng root and aloe vera for both visible radiance and soothing benefits.

Contraindications: This formula should not be used on sensitive, peeling or compromised skin.
Please refer to additional sun protection note and other warnings in provided Directions.

This pH of this formula is approximately 3.6.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has a pKa of 3.6 and pKa is the most important aspect to consider in formulating with acids.
pKa implies acid availability. When pKa is close to pH, there is an ideal balance between salt and acidity, maximizing effectiveness of the acid and reducing irritation.
Higher pH numbers in such a case would increase salt which counter-intuitively would make the formula even more irritating than if the formula was more acidic.

Note: While exfoliating acids can result in quick visible benefits, we generally suggest indirect forms of skin exfoliation in favour of direct forms such as this formula due to potential inflammation and sensitivity associated with acids.
Please refer to NIOD's Non-Acid Acid Precursor for such a reference.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), like other AHAs, acts on the surface layer of the skin to dissolve the ‘cement’ between dead cells.
It therefore gently resurfaces skin without the need for scrubbing.
This is why acid-based products are often referred to as ‘chemical exfoliators’, in contrast to traditional, grit-based ‘physical exfoliators’, which are now largely regarded as the inferior option.

AHAs are water soluble, so they work well on the superficial skin layers, which we call the epidermis.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has been shown in studies to have dermal influence, boosting collagen-remodelling cells (which helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles), and melanocyte-stabilising properties, meaning it works well for pigmentation, too.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)’s a versatile multi-tasker.

The process works by loosening and dissolving the glue-like substance called the desmosome, which holds old skin cells together.
As they get to work, you often feel a tingle in the skin.
Once the desmosome is broken down, the skin naturally sheds its old, dead skin cells.
So, although you won’t actually see your skin exfoliating, you’ll soon see and feel the smoother textured, more radiant-looking skin.

Skin care:
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources.
Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can.
Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

Organic synthesis:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Agriculture of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Many plants make Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) during photorespiration.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s role consumes significant amounts of energy. In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.
The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless, odorless alpha-hydroxy-acid (AHA) derived from sugarcane.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of chemical exfoliant that dissolves the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be wiped away easily, revealing smooth, younger skin.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of alpha-hydroxy acid (or AHA) that's derived from sugar cane.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) joins other acids you might recognize, such as lactic acid (derived from sour milk and purportedly a favorite of Cleopatra's), tartaric acid (from grapes), and citric acid—which, you might guess, comes from citrus fruits.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)’s actually the smallest naturally occurring alpha-hydroxy-acid.
That means Glycolic can penetrate the skin more deeply and easily compared to other alpha hydroxy acids you might know, like lactic acid, which is why it is so commonly used.

Alpha-hydroxy-acids like Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) are water soluble, which means they dissolve in water.
On the other hand, beta-hydroxy-acids (BHAs), such as salicylic acid, are oil soluble, meaning they dissolve in oil and can penetrate deeper into oily pores.

But that doesn’t mean AHAs aren’t effective.
If used correctly, as in a Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peel, they can be an easy way to get smoother, glowing skin.

Do your skin concerns include managing hyperpigmentation or fending off fine lines and wrinkles?
If yes, then a Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peel might be the treatment for you.
Because it’s a powerful exfoliant, it can visibly reduce signs of aging and hyperpigmentation by weakening the connections between the cells in the top layer of the skin, which helps remove the dead skin cells, giving the skin a refreshed look and a glowing complexion.

More specifically, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts readily with the upper layer of the skin, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together through a process called desquamation.
That allows the outer skin to dissolve, subsequently revealing the underlying skin.

When Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) comes to managing melasma, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used to suppress the formation of melanin pigment in the skin.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) does so by inhibiting the actions of tyrosinase, an enzyme that normally speeds up the complex process by which the pigment melanin is produced by certain types of skin cells.
Slowing this process down results in less hyperpigmentation.
But don’t expect to see results straight away; it normally takes between four and eight treatments before you see a significant difference.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is one of the most well-known and widely used alpha-hydroxy acids in the skincare industry.
Other alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid.

How Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Works
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has the smallest sized molecules of all the alpha-hydroxy acids.
Because of these super tiny molecules, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can easily penetrate the skin.
This allows Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) to exfoliate the skin more effectively than other AHAs.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) works by speeding up cell turnover.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) helps dissolve the bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to slough off more rapidly than they would on their own.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) also stimulates your skin to create more collagen.
Collagen is the protein that gives skin its firmness, plumpness, and elasticity. (Collagen is also the protein that gives strength to your bones and connective tissues.)

As you age, collagen production naturally slows down.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s also destroyed by excessive sun exposure. Using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) regularly can help prevent this breakdown of collagen.

What Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Does for Your Skin
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an incredibly popular treatment because of the many benefits it has for the skin.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has effective skin-renewing properties, so it is often used in anti-aging products.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can help smooth fine wrinkles and improve the skin's tone and texture.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) plumps the skin and helps boost hydration levels.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s not just an anti-aging treatment, though.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can also help fight sun damage.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s often used to fade minor fade hyperpigmentation.

Because Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s an effective exfoliator, using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) regularly can help brighten the complexion.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s this exfoliating property that also makes it an effective preventative against ingrown hairs.
If you have large pores, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can help make those appear smaller as well.

Many acne treatment products also contain Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) isn't an acne treatment per se, but Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can help keep pores clear from blockages, preventing comedones, blackheads, and inflamed breakouts from forming.

Although many sources claim Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) gets rid of scars, this is one thing it simply can't do.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can lighten dark discolorations left by acne or other wounds, and may soften the look of raised scars and pitted scars, but it will not make them disappear.3

Where You Can Find Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
If you're looking for Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), you have choices—and lots of them.
This skincare darling can be found in a multitude of over-the-counter products.

Try your local drug store, department store, or skin spa and you'll find plenty of cleansers, masks, toners, and moisturizers that contain this ingredient.
Over-the-counter Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) products typically come in strength of up to 10%.4

For stronger treatments, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also utilized in chemical peels available at the salon or your dermatologist's office.
Light duty Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peels up to 30% strength can be done by an esthetician at the salon or skin spa. Stronger peels of up to 70% can be had at the dermatology office.

Can you make a Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peel yourself?
While Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is obtained from sugar cane (and also naturally found in some fruits) the sugar you buy at the store is not the same as Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

Rubbing your face with sugar manually exfoliates the skin and will leave the skin feeling smoother.
But it's not going to give you the same results as Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treatment.

Skincare products contain other thoughtfully chosen ingredients to give a specific end result.
You can definitely make your own skincare products, but they won't give you results on par with a professional glycolic product or peel.

Choosing the Right Skin Treatment:
The Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treatment you choose depends a lot on your skin type and what your end goals are.
If you are simply wanting brighter, healthier-looking skin (or a reduction in breakouts and fine lines) an over-the-counter product is effective enough without stronger pro peels.

How to Use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Safely:
In general, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a very safe and effective skincare ingredient.
To keep your skin safe, though, there are a few things to know before using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

First and foremost, you must wear sunscreen whenever you are using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treatments.
Like all alpha-hydroxy acids, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can make your skin more sensitive to the sun.
You don't want to undo all the good your Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is doing, and you definitely don't want to end up with a nasty sunburn.
Wear SPF of at least 30, please.

Allow your skin to acclimate to Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
If you are using an OTC product, start off by applying it just three times per week for a week or so.
If your skin isn't red or irritated, try using it four times a week for a week or two.

Continue slowly building up this way until you're able to use it every day.
If at any point your skin becomes irritated, scale back use for a period of time and try again.

For in-office or in-salon peels, you will probably start off with a lower concentration of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
If your skin tolerates that reasonably well, you will most likely be bumped up to higher strengths for subsequent peels.

In the initial few days of treatment, your skin may feel a bit more rough than typical.
This is normal and just means that the Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is working.
Unless your skin is irritated, keep using your Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) product.
Smoother skin is just around the corner.

Don't use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), even OTC products, if you are currently using topical retinoids, like Retin-A (tretinoin) or Differin (adapalene), Accutane (isotretinoin), or any products that rapidly exfoliate the skin.
Most importantly, if you're under a dermatologist's care make sure you get their OK before using any Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) product or having a peel done.

A Word From Verywell:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) OTC products and professional peels have been around a long time and have a safe and effective track record.
Most skin types can use them without much trouble.

If you have very sensitive skin, you may want to stick with wash-off Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) products like cleansers.
These aren't quite as irritating as leave-on Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treatments and allow your skin to build up a tolerance without (hopefully) too much irritation.

While Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is a wonderful skincare ingredient, if you're looking for powerful anti-aging or anti-acne treatments, topical retinoids will give you more bang for your buck.
They are prescription-only, though.
If you need any help choosing a Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) product, your dermatologist can help you do so.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an example of an acne-fighting acid.
This alpha hydroxy acid that’s derived from sugarcane can help those with frequent breakouts and a number of other skincare concerns.

Don’t go scavenging the aisles for Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) just yet.
There’s a lot to consider about Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), including how much to use and if it’s right for your skin

Benefits of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
When applied to the skin, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) works to break the bonds between the outer layer of skin cells, including dead skin cells, and the next skin cell layer.
This creates a peeling effect that can make the skin appear smoother and more even.

For people with acne, the benefit of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is that the peeling effects results in less “gunk” that clogs the pores.
This includes dead skin cells and oil. With less to clog the pores, the skin clears and you usually have fewer breakouts.

Also, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can affect the outer skin barrier, helping it retain moisture instead of drying your skin out.
This is an advantage for acne-prone people because many other topical anti-acne agents, like salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide, are drying.

ResearchTrusted Source has found that Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has antibacterial and antioxidant activity, which can also help improve your skin’s appearance when you have acne.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can also thicken skin by stimulating collagen growth.

How to use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is available in several forms, including over-the-counter and prescription treatments.

These include:
-face washes
-lotions
-peels
-serums
-skin care pads

Side effects of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) isn’t for everyone.
Some people have reactions to Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) that can include symptoms such as swelling, itching, and burning sensations.
Those with dry or sensitive skin types may find Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is too irritating for their skin.

In addition to these concerns, some people find they are more sensitive to sun when they use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
Using a daily sunscreen can help reduce the sun exposure risks.

Cautions of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid):
If you have a darker skin tone, talk to your dermatologist about Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s and its best uses for you.
Most people can use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) effectively, but sometimes the acid can irritate darker skin tones and cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or dark spots.
Using lower concentrations and refraining from using too many Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)-containing products can often reduce this risk.

The depth to which Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) causes peeling often depends upon the concentration.
For example, a 1 percent Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution affects the pH level of three layers of skin, while a 10 percent solution can penetrate 10 to 20 layers, according to a 2018 journal articleTrusted Source.

This isn’t to say more is better (it’s not). Lower percentages can be less irritating and therefore more skin-friendly.
You may find topical preparations that range from 1 percent up to 10 percent (usually reserved for spot treatments or a rinse-off peel only).

There are sources on the internet that sell higher percentages of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), sometimes as much as 30 or 40 percent.
These are medical grade peels, and you shouldn’t use them without a dermatologist oversight.
A dermatologist knows how long the peel should stay on and if it’s right for your skin in the first place.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) vs. other acids
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) isn’t the only acid in town.
There are several other alpha hydroxy acids and natural acids skin care manufacturers use in their products.

In addition to acne, dermatologists use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) to treat the following skin conditions:
-age spots
-hyperpigmentation
-melasma
-scars
-skin roughness

What is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)’s the answer to all your hyper-pigmentation woes, that's for sure.
"Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is an AHA, or Alpha Hydroxy Acid.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)'s a water soluble acid and an ingredient that increases luminosity of the skin because it exfoliates the outermost dead layer of the skin, which is called the Stratum Corneum, and improves the reflection of light on the skin.
Sometimes people use scrubs, which are abrasive and can cause irritation, but unlike scrubs, when Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used at the right percentage and when done appropriately, it's a much gentler way to exfoliate the skin."

What types of skin does Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) treat?
Basically, if you're a human being you can probably benefit from Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) specifically treats wrinkles, hyper-pigmentation, and acne prone skin, so if one or more of these is a skincare concern of yours, it's worthy of your top shelf.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) takes that very top layer of the skin and removes it.
As we age, our skin exfoliates slower so exfoliating the skin with a little help from Glycolic reveals newer skin, which becomes more even and radiant.

Mechanism of action:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peels have antiinflammatory, keratolytic, and antioxidant effects.
GA targets the corneosome by enhancing breakdown and decreasing cohesiveness, causing desquamation.
The intensity of peel is determined by the concentration of the acid, the vehicle used to carry it, the amount of acid applied, and the technique used.10

GA peels need to be properly neutralized to stop acidification of the skin.
Applying acid to the skin saturates the ability of cells to resist acidification; excess acid must be neutralized to avoid burning.
Alpha-hydroxy acid peels can be neutralized with water or with basic solutions, such as ammonium salts, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide.

Indications:
Acne, acne scars, melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea are indications for chemical peeling.
GA may be used in acne also to normalize keratinization and increase epidermal and dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression.

Acne and acne scars:
In a study by Wang et al, Asian patients with skin type IV with acne were treated with 35% GA and 50% GA peels, once in 3 weeks for 10 weeks.
There was significant resolution of comedones, papules, and pustules.
The skin texture improved and follicular pore size reduced.

How Does Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Work?
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the top layer of skin, breaking it down by dissolving sebum and other substances that bind cells together
Made up of small molecules, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is able to penetrate the skin deeply and easily.
This makes it most effective for treating fine lines, acne, blackheads, dullness, oiliness and uneven texture.

Dead skin cells are sloughed off revealing smoother, brighter, younger looking skin.
The products available which feature Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) range in percentage of concentration, and also pH levels such as SkinMedica.
A product with pure Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) in a lower concentration is much more effective than one which includes it along with other ingredients.
However, for daily use, you may want a moisturizer which fuses Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) with natural ingredients.

Who Can Use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
Glycolic is an acid the encourages exfoliation, which means irritation can sometimes occur.
Although Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) comes with great skin boosting benefits, it is good for almost any skin type.
Generally people with very sensitive skin types will want to avoid using Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) as they may find it too irritating.

How Often Should I use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
This really depends on skin type, age, and level of sensitivity of skin.
Different products can be used in different frequencies.
Generally people want to reduce the amount of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) based products used when skin begins to feel sensitive.

What does Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) do?
When applied to the skin, the potent little ingredient reacts with the top layer to break down sebum and exfoliate away the outer dead layer.
Once the Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has swept that junk away, skin can reflect light better to reveal smoother, brighter-looking skin

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (or Hydroacetic Acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.

Due to Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Benefits:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) moves beyond its primary function as an exfoliant and provides a number of other benefits as a result of this key capability.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is part of the family of alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) which are all made from natural sources such as fruit, milk, or sugar and in this case, it’s the latter.
Generally speaking, the benefits of AHAs on the skin include exfoliation, brightening, smoothing, anti-aging, and acne prevention, and Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is no exception.
But what makes Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) standout from the pack is its chemical structure.
Because the molecules of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) are smaller than other AHAs, it can penetrate deeper into the skin to provide its benefits more effectively and to more layers of the skin.

Fights Acne:
Blemishes and breakouts are the results of pores that have become clogged.
As an exfoliator, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) helps to not only lift dirt and dead skin from the surface of your face but has the ability to get down deeper into hair follicles and loosen up any built-up sebum or proteins that could otherwise lead to more acne.
And because it helps to clean out your pores, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can also help visibly reduce the size and appearance of your pores with consistent use.

Reduces Fine Lines & Wrinkles:
While it doesn’t have the ability to address deep facial wrinkles, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is one method to help soften the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles on your face.
As it sloughs away dead skin layer by layer, it reveals softer, smoother skin. Check out some of our top anti-aging tips in our related blog article.

Addresses Discoloration:
As Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) sloughs away dead skin cells, it also helps to fade any unevenness or discoloration in your skin tone.
This could include previous sun damage, dark spots, age spots, hyperpigmentation, or acne scars.
As older skin is removed, new skin that is more evenly pigmented reveals itself, gradually improving the overall appearance of your complexion.

Increases Product Absorption:
A direct result of its exfoliation properties, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) helps to better prepare your skin for other products to be applied and allows them to be more effective in achieving their designed objectives.
With all the obstacles, such as dead skin and dirt, out of the way, your skin can better absorb these products.

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) helps to exfoliate and fight dryness.
If you’re less concerned about acne or wrinkles but find yourself with pesky dry patches or unevenness that you’d like to treat, consider Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) an easy ally to the cause.

How Often Can You Use?
The answer to this will be based on your skin type, age and skin’s tolerance level.
Start small and increase it if your skin is reacting positively.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) also depends on the kind of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) product you’re using.
A cleanser with a lower percentage of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used everyday.
A cream with a higher level of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used once daily.

Will Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Work For My Skin Type?
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is highly effective if you have normal, oily or combination skin types.
But if you have dry and extremely sensitive skin, it may not be for you.
People with sensitive skin have a high chance of reaction with Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

Is Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Ok To Use Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Everyday?
You may use skin care products containing Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) in strength of 10% everyday.
However, Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) peels contain 20-30% of the active and should be used once every 6 months.

What Are The Side Effects Of Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
Most at-home Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) products are safe and effective.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) can lead to dryness.
So follow Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) up with a good moisturizer.

Skip Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) products if you think you will be exposed to sunlight for a very long time on a particular day.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) makes the skin susceptible to damage.
Never forget to use sunscreen.
Be prepared for a slight tingling sensation that disappears after a point.

What Ingredients Shouldn't Be Combined With Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)?
Do not mix vitamin C and Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) as vitamin C will lose its efficacy in this combination.
Avoid using vitamin B3 with Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).
Vitamin B3 needs a neutral pH to work effectively, while Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) has a low pH level.
Refrain from using retinol with Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid).

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)s unique properties include:
-Low pKa and molecular weight, which increases its efficacy on hard water scales
-Effectiveness solubilizing inorganic scale
-Low corrosivity on household surfaces
-High efficiency at complexing calcium salts, making it effective at removing bathroom scale, soap scum and other hard water scales
-Readily biodegradable for low environmental impact

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Among other uses Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

Formal Chemical Name (IUPAC):
2-Hydroacetic Acid

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 0.08% to 70%, has been nominated for inclusion on the list of bulk drug substances for use in compounding under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) for topical use in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders and photodamaged skin
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) is currently available in cosmetic formulations (creams, pads, and lotions) and present as excipient in some topical drug products

Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
AKOS BBS-00004277
2-Hydroacetic Acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) REAGENTPLUS(TM) 99%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) SOLUTION, ~55% IN WATER
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), TECH., 70 WT. % SOLUTION IN WATER
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) SIGMAULTRA
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution approx. 57%
GlycolicAcid(HydroxyaceticAcid)
GlycollicAcid,67-70%SolutionInWater
GlycolicAcid70%(InWater)ForSynthesis
GlycolicAcid,70%Solution
Glycolicacid,98%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) FOR SYNTHESIS 250 G
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) FOR SYNTHESIS 100 G
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) FOR SYNTHESIS 1 KG
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution high purity, 70 wt. % in H2O
RARECHEM AL BO 0466
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 67% in water
GLYCOLICACID,CRYSTAL,REAGENT
CHC-22
GLYCOLATE
Glykolsure
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid): 70% AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), ca 67% aq. soln.
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (ca. 70% in Water, ca. 12mol/L)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 70% (cosmetic garde)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 70% (industrial grade)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) >=97.0% (T)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution technical grade, 70 wt. % in H2O
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), BIOXTRA, >=98.0%&
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid),anhydrous, free-flowing
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 70% in water
LGB-GA
Hydroxy-acetic acid in water
glycolic
glycolicacid,solution
HOCH2COOH
hydroxy-aceticaci
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
kyselinaglykolova
kyselinahydroxyoctova
GLYCOLATE IC STANDARD
GLYCOLLIC ACID
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid
HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 70% TECHNICAL GRADE
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 99%, POWDER
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 70%, High Purity
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 70%, Technical
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 99% 100GR
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 99% 25GR
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Glycollic acid

EC Inventory:
Glycollic acid
glycollic acid
Hydroacetic Acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova

Translated names:
Acid glicolic (ro)
Acide glycolique (fr)
Acido glicolico (it)
Aċidu glikolliku (mt)
Glikolio rūgštis (lt)
Glikolna kiselina (hr)
Glikolna kislina (sl)
Glikolsav (hu)
Glikolskābe (lv)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (no)
glycolsyre (da)
Glycolzuur (nl)
Glykolihappo (fi)
glykolová kyselina/2-hydroxyethanová kyselina (cs)
Glykolsyra (sv)
Glykolsäure (de)
Glükoolhape (et)
Kwas glikolowy (pl)
kyselina glykolová (sk)
Ácido glicólico (es)
Ácido glicólico (pt)
Γλυκολικό οξύ (el)
Гликолова киселина (bg)

CAS names:
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
IUPAC names
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-Hydroacetic Acid
2-Hydroacetic Acid
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
2-hydroxyethanoic acid
glycol acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
GLYCOLLIC ACID
Glycollic acid
glycollic acid
Glycollic acid
glycollic acid
Glykolsäure
Glykolsäure ... %
Hydroacetic Acid

Trade names:
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Glycos Basic 57
Glycos Basic 70
Glycos Clear 70
Glypure 70
Glytech Basic 57
Glytech Basic 70

Other identifiers:
1033720-45-4

CAS number:
1033720-45-4

Deleted CAS number:
1033720-48-7

CAS number:
1033720-48-7

Deleted CAS number:
259744-22-4

CAS number:
259744-22-4

Deleted CAS number:
702627-33-6

CAS number:
702627-33-6

Deleted CAS number:
79-14-1

Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid
2-Hydroacetic Acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Caswell No. 470
alpha-Hydroacetic Acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
HOCH2COOH
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
Glycocide
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
GlyPure
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
AI3-15362
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
BRN 1209322
GLYCOLLATE
Acetic acid, hydroxy-, homopolymer
.alpha.-Hydroacetic Acid
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, homopolymer
0WT12SX38S
NSC166
CHEBI:17497
NSC-166
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 70%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 99%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)-13C2
Polyglycollic acid
26124-68-5
GOA
glycolicacid
Dexon (polyester)
C2H4O3
Poly(L-Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid))
Glypure 70 homopolymer
POLYHydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) homopolymer
EINECS 201-180-5
Hydroacetic Acid homopolymer
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
CCRIS 9474
hydroxy-acetic acid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroacetic Acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 70%
26009-03-0
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
ACMC-209pgf
omega-Hydroxy fatty acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), polyesters
HO-CH2-COOH
DSSTox_CID_5363
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
EC 201-180-5
DSSTox_RID_77763
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) (7CI,8CI)
DSSTox_GSID_25363
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
KSC377Q2F
ARONIS23902
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), p.a., 98%
[O]C(=O)CO
[O]CC(O)=O
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
DTXSID0025363
CTK2H7822
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), Crystal, Reagent
C(=O)(O)[C]O
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, 56-58%
BCP28762
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), >=97.0% (T)
KS-000000CK
STR00936
ZINC4658557
Tox21_301298
ANW-37261
BBL020025
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, puriss., 70%
HY-W015967
MCULE-9792551388
CAS-79-14-1
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
AK128829
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 66-70% aqueous solution
K398
SC-26092
SC-85771
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, CP, 70% in H2O
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Hydroacetic Acid; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
M-7418
11046-EP2269610A2
11046-EP2269988A2
11046-EP2270002A1
11046-EP2270003A1
11046-EP2270008A1
11046-EP2270011A1
11046-EP2275401A1
11046-EP2275413A1
11046-EP2277848A1
11046-EP2277867A2
11046-EP2280003A2
11046-EP2281563A1
11046-EP2284160A1
11046-EP2284178A2
11046-EP2284179A2
11046-EP2287156A1
11046-EP2289510A1
11046-EP2289879A1
11046-EP2289890A1
11046-EP2292617A1
11046-EP2295424A1
11046-EP2298735A1
11046-EP2298755A1
11046-EP2301931A1
11046-EP2301937A1
11046-EP2301940A1
11046-EP2305257A1
11046-EP2305646A1
11046-EP2305651A1
11046-EP2308851A1
11046-EP2308854A1
11046-EP2311807A1
11046-EP2311842A2
11046-EP2314588A1
11046-EP2314593A1
11046-EP2316457A1
11046-EP2316458A1
11046-EP2316459A1
11046-EP2316825A1
11046-EP2316826A1
11046-EP2316827A1
11046-EP2316828A1
11046-EP2372017A1
11046-EP2374786A1
11046-EP2374787A1
11046-EP2374895A1
11046-EP2380871A1
47926-EP2301544A1
47926-EP2308851A1
47926-EP2311810A1
49125-EP2272848A1
49125-EP2281824A1
49125-EP2292613A1
49125-EP2295408A1
49125-EP2295426A1
49125-EP2295427A1
49125-EP2295430A2
49125-EP2295431A2
49125-EP2305254A1
49125-EP2305679A1
49125-EP2311823A1
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, technical, ~55% in H2O
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, high purity, 70 wt. % in H2O
Hydroacetic Acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z1259155884
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) solution, technical grade, 70 wt. % in H2O
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

IUPAC name:
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
Preferred IUPAC name
Hydroacetic Acid
Other names
dicarbonous acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
hydroacetic acid

Name: Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Synonyms
Hydroacetic Acid
glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
2-hydroxyacetate
Total acid
AHA-Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)

Synonyms:
2-Hydroacetic Acid
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
α-Hydroacetic Acid
alpha-Hydroacetic Acid
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid)
Glycollic acid
HOCH2COOH
Hydroacetic Acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
1209322 [Beilstein]
201-180-5 [EINECS]
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
79-14-1 [RN]
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy- [ACD/Index Name]
Acide glycol [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acide hydroxyacétique [French]
a-Hydroacetic Acid
Glycol acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) [Wiki]
Glycolsäure [German]
Hydroxyessigsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
QV1Q [WLN]
1,2-Ethanediol [ACD/Index Name]
102962-28-7 [RN]
1-hydroxy-ethanoic acid
26009-03-0 [RN]
2-oxonioacetate
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
Acetate ion
Acetic acid [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
D(-)-TARTARIC ACID
D-malate
EDO
GLV
Glycocide
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid) 100 Ã‚Âµg/mL in Acetonitrile
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), 66-70% aqueous solution
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), crystal, reagent
Hydroacetic Acid (Glycolic Acid), pure, 99.5%
Glycollic acid
Glyoxylic acid [Wiki]
GOA
HOCH2COOH
Hydroxy-acetic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Kyselina glykolova
MFCD00868116 [MDL number]
MLT
STR00936
TAR
WLN: QV1Q
α-Hydroacetic Acid
α-Hydroacetic Acid
乙醇酸 [Chinese]
O7Z