Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) (NH3OH)2SO4, is the sulfuric acid salt of hydroxylamine.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is primarily used as an easily handled form of hydroxylamine, which is explosive when pure.
IUPAC Name: hydroxyazanium;sulfate
CAS Number: 10039-54-0
EC Number: 233-118-8
Chemical formula: H8N2O6S
Synthesis of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS):
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is prepared industrially via the Raschig hydroxylamine process, which involves the reduction of nitrite with bisulfite.
This initially gives hydroxylamine disulfonate, which is hydrolysed to Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS): Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) can also be obtained by the acid-base reaction of hydroxylamine with sulfuric acid: 2NH2OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH3OH)2SO4(aq)
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) Reactions
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in organic synthesis to convert aldehydes and ketones to oximes, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (e.g. esters) to hydroxamic acids, isocyanates to N-hydroxyureas and nitriles to amidoximes.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also used to generate hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid from oleum or chlorosulfuric acid.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber.
(NH3OH)2SO4 is a starting material for some insecticides, herbicides and growth regulators.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in photography as a stabiliser for colour developers and as an additive in photographic emulsions in colour film.
Decomposition of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS):
At 120 °C, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) begins to decompose to sulfur trioxide, nitrous oxide, water, and ammonia: 2(NH3OH)2SO4 → 2SO3 + N2O + 2NH3 + 5H2O
The reaction is exothermic above 138 °C, and is most exothermic at 177 °C.
Metals (especially copper, its alloys and its salts) catalyse the decomposition of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS).
The instability of this compound is mainly due to the hydroxylammonium ion's weak nitrogen to oxygen single bond.
Uses at industrial sites of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS):
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, rubber products and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.
Molar mass: 164.14 g/mol
Appearance: white crystalline to fine product, slightly hygroscopic
Density: 1.88 g/cm³
Melting point: 120 °C
Solubility in water: 58.7 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Crystal structure: Monoclinic
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 164.01030715 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 164.01030715 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 184Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 64.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Density: 1.88 g/cm³
Coatings, Adhesives, Resins
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a viscosity stabilizer for natural rubber, and as a non-contaminating short-stopper for synthetic rubber.
A derivative of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also used as a vulcanizer.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)ss many properties, including selective reactivity to textile fiber functional groups, make it useful for applications such as dye improvers, textile discoloration inhibitors, and modifiers for acrylic fibers and cellulose.
Other uses of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s include resin improvers, UV stabilizers, and polymerization catalysts.
Life Science Chemicals
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a raw material for herbicides, insecticides, germicides, acaricides and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, carbamate, alkyl hydroxylamine, oxadiazole, and organophosphorous compounds, among others.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also used as a raw material for germicides, CNS sedatives, antihistamines, sedatives, drugs for high blood sugar, wound infection inhibitors, diuretics, stimulants, blood coagulants, anti-malarial drugs, and diabetes drugs and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxime, and amide, among others.
Due to Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)ss ability to reduce hydroxylamine sulfate and form metal complexes, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a metal surface treatment agent, precipitant for separating metal, metal extractant, and rust proofer.
Reactivity Profile of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS):
Sulfuric acid fumes may form in fires.
Solid hydroxylamine sulfate explodes when heated to 170° C .
Sodium ignites on contact with hydroxylamine.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is the sulfuric acid salt of hydroxylamine.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is primarily used as an easily handled form of hydroxylamine, which is explosive when pure.
A raw material for manufacturing in pharmaceuticals, insecticides,etc.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS), used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber.
(NH3OH)2SO4 is a starting material for some insecticides, herbicides and growth regulators.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS), used in photography as a stabiliser for colour developers and as an additive in photographic emulsions in colour film.
The invention relates to the chemical industry, namely to a method for producing Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) used for caplrolactam production.
The inventive method consists in preparing a reaction mixture, catalytically oxidising ammoniac at a pressure equal to or less than 0.3 MPa, concentrating a nitrous gas by means of water vapours, mixing said concentrated nitrous gas with hydrogen by a mixture of sulphuric acid, water, nitrous gas concentrating condensate, condensate of secondary concentration of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) and in synthesising Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS).
Nitrous gas heat is used for concentrating a nitric condensate and a Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) solution.
Said nitric condensate is concentrated until a nitric acid mass fraction of 40 % is attained and delivered in the form of a final product which is used for producing mineral fertilisers.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) solution is concentrated until a mass fraction of 40 % is attained by using distillate condensing heat produced during a nitric condensate concentrating.
Said improved method makes Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) possible to reduce investment costs and production energy consumption and to simplify the process control.
Effective reducing agent that converts ketones and aldehydes to oximes and acid chlorides to hydroxamic acids.
Effectively used as a catalyst, copolymerization inhibitor (in polymerization processes), and swelling agents.
Used as a reducing agent in photography, an antioxidant for fatty acids and soaps, and a dehairing agent for hides.
Used mainly as an intermediate for cyclohexanone oxime or caprolactum; Also used as an intermediate (pharmaceuticals, insecticides, herbicides, and artificial sweeteners), photographic developer, vulcanizing accelerator, antioxidant for natural rubber, and inhibitor in plastic polymerizations; Other uses are surface treatment of steel, separation of uranium and plutonium, electroplating of metals and plastics, and fixing textile dyes.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is produced industrially by the Rachihi hydroxylamine process, which involves the reduction of nitrite by bisulfite.
This first gives hydroxylamine disulfonate, which is hydrolyzed to Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS).
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) can also be obtained by the acid-base reaction of hydroxylamine and sulfuric acid.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in organic synthesis to convert aldehydes and ketones to oximes, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (such as esters) to hydroxamic acids, isocyanates to N-hydroxyureas, and nitriles to amidoximes.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also used to produce hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid from oleum or chlorosulfuric acid.
Hydroxyl ammonium sulfate is used in the production of antiskinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a radical scavenger that stops radical polymerization reaction and functions as an antioxidant for natural rubber.
(NH3OH)2SO4 is the starting material for some insecticides, herbicides and growth regulators.
In photography, it is used as a stabilizer in color developers and as an additive in photographic emulsions for color films.
At 120 °C, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) begins to decompose into sulfur trioxide, nitrous oxide, water and ammonia.
The reaction 2(NH3OH)2SO4 → 2SO3 + N2O + 2NH3 + 5H2O is exothermic above 138 °C and most exothermic at 177 °C.
Metals (particularly copper, its alloys, and its salts) catalyze the decomposition of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS).
The instability of this compound is mainly due to the weak single bond between the nitrogen and oxygen of the hydroxylammonium ion.
Depending on the pH, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is dissociated into SO4 and NH3 -OH.
Therefore in case of few or missing data read across from hydroxylamine (CAS-No. 7803-49-8) or its hydrochloride (CAS-No. 5470-11-1) has been performed eg. mutagenicity and sensitisation.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a white crystalline powder (relative density 1.883 at 20°C) which decomposes above 120 °C.
The vapour pressure was not determine because of the salt character.
The measured partition coefficient (log Kow) is -3.6 (at pH 3.2), and the water solubility is 587,000 mg/L at 20 °C.
For Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) no in vivo data are available on absorption, distribution or excretion, and only few in vitro studies exist. Hydroxylamine is formed as an intermediate during cellular metabolism.
Hydroxylamine reductase is detected in the mitochondria of livers from mice, rats and pigs.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s activity appears to be age-dependent.
An in vivo rat study described partial metabolic oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrate.
Absorption via oral and inhalation uptake is expected to be high, because of experimental data Based on physical-chemical data of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS), animal data on systemic effects and occupational dermal exposure scenario under non-occlusive conditions, dermal uptake is assumed to be low.
Human data on the acute toxicity of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) are not available.
In tests with rats, cats and rabbits Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) caused methaemoglobin formation by the oral and the dermal routes.
Respective data after inhalation are not available.
Oral LD50 values are 545-652 mg/kg bw for rats and appr. 200 mg/kg
bw for female cats; dermal LD50 values are over 500 mg/kg bw for rats and between 100 mg/kg bw
and 500 mg/kg bw for rabbits.
In two inhalation studies in rats saturated vapours of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) did not cause any toxic effects.
After dermal exposure toxicity is significantly higher under occlusive compared to semi-occlusive conditions.
A dose of 1 mg/kg bw can be considered as NOAEL for occlusive application of the substance in the rabbit.
Information from non-standard animal data demonstrate moderate to severe irritating and even corrosive properties of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) depending on the time of exposure.
Brief exposures of 15 minutes to an 80% Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) solution caused some irritation, and a longer exposure of 20 hours caused more
severe reactions.
Limited information in humans indicates that concentrations of 1% and above caused skin irritation.
Limited information from experimental animals indicates that Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is an eye irritant.
Skin sensitising properties of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) and hydroxylamine were demonstrated in animal experiments and in humans.
Limited information from experimental animals indicates that Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is not a respiratory sensitiser.
The major use is in its reaction with organic compounds to produce derivatives such as Oximes which may be intermediates in the production of materials such as Nylon-6.
The Oximes may also be used as anti-oxidants, stabilizers and anti-skinning agents in inks and paints.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as reducing agent in photographic processes, dyeing, synthetic fibres and purification of a number of water-soluble products.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a viscosity stabilizer for natural rubber, and as a non-contaminating shortstopper for synthetic rubber.
A derivative of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also used as a vulcanizer.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s many properties, including selective reactivity to textile fiber functional groups, make it useful for applications such as dye improvers,
textile discoloration inhibitors, and modifiers for acrylic fibers and cellulose.
Other uses include resin improvers, UV stabilizers, and polymerization catalysts.
Due to its ability to reduce hydroxylamine sulfate and form metal complexes, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a metal surface treatment agent, precipitant for separating metal, metal extractant, and rust proofer.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a raw material for herbicides, insecticides, germicides, acaricides and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, carbamate, alkyl hydroxylamine, oxadiazole, and organophosphorous compounds, among others.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
It is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber.
Product Application:
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
It is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber.
Product Procedure:
Hydroxylamine Sulfate is a colorless to white, crystalline (sand-like) solid or powder.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in photography, leather tanning, and polymer
Product Note:
Hydroxylamine is used as a reducing agent in photography, in synthetic and analytical chemistry, to purify aldehydes and ketones, as an antioxidant for fatty acids and soaps, and as a dehairing agent for hides.
In addition, hydroxylamine is used in the production of cyclohexanone oxime or caprolactam.
Other names:
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)
Oxammonium sulfate
Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1)
hydroxyazanium sulfate
hydroxyazanium;sulfate
Hydroxylamine, sulfate
Bis(hydroxylamine) sulfate
Hydroxylamine neutral sulfate
DTXSID2025424
49KP498D4O
bis(hydroxyammonium) sulfate
EINECS 233-118-8
Hydroxylammoniumsulfat
UN2865
LANASANE LAB
hydroxyl ammonium sulfate
hydroxyl ammonium sulphate
hydroxyl-ammonium sulphate
bis(hydroxyazanium) sulfate
UNII-49KP498D4O
DTXCID505424
VGYYSIDKAKXZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
BIS(HYDROXYLAMMONIUM) SULFATE
Tox21_202730
NCGC00091929-01
NCGC00260278-01
CAS-10039-54-0
EC 233-118-8
Q416490
Bis(hydroxyammonium) sulfate
10039-54-0 [RN]
233-118-8 [EINECS]
hydroxyazanium sulfate
Hydroxylamine Sulfate
BIS(HYDROXYAZANIUM) SULFATE
BIS(HYDROXYLAMINE) SULFATE
Bis(hydroxylammonium) sulphate
EINECS 233-118-8
hydroxyl ammonium sulfate
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)
Hydroxylamine, sulfate
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)
Hydroxylammoniumsulfat
Oxammonium sulfate