INCI Name: PEG-16
Chemical Name: PEG 800
Function: Solubilizer, Humectant, Moisturizing Agent, Solvent, Anti-Static Agent
CAS Number: 25322-68-3
Ingredient Origin: Synthetic
Polyglykol 800 is a polyethylene glycol that is used for a wide variety of applications as a humectant, solubilizer, lubricant, plasticizer, and modifier.
Polyglykol 800 is a white waxy solid at room temperature.
Polyglykol 800 can be supplied in heated tank trucks or in steel drums.
Polyglykol 800's two hydroxy end groups as well as its ether groups mainly control the physical and chemical properties of Polyglykol 800.
Therefore, Polyglykol 800 is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like aceton or methanol.
PEG-16.
Polyglykol 800 is a humectant, solubilizer, antistatic agent and fixative.
Polyglykol 800 possesses non-irritating, softening and cleansing properties.
Polyglykol 800 offers low toxicity and no emulsifying effect.
Polyglykol 800 is used in tooth-pastes and perfumes.
Product Function of Polyglykol 800:
-Intermediate & process aid
Chemical Type:
-Polyethylene glycol
Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Chemical synthesis
-Process aid
Advantages of Polyglykol 800:
-Posesses softening, non irritating and cleansing properties
-Offers low toxicity
-no emulsifying effect
Polyglykol 800 Features & Benefits:
Benefit Claims:
-Anti-Irritant
-Film Forming
-Humectancy
-Solubilizing
-Static Reduction
Composition:
-Polyethylene glycol
H(OCH2CH2)nOH
n = about 18
CAS-No.: 25322-68-3
INCI- designation: PEG-16
Product properties of Polyglykol 800:
Polyglykol 800 is a white waxy solid at room temperature.
Polyglykol 800 can be supplied in heated tank trucks or in steel drums.
Polyglykol 800's two hydroxy end groups as well as its ether groups mainly control the physical and chemical properties of Polyglykol 800.
Therefore Polyglykol 800 is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like aceton or methanol.
Polyglykol 800 is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 800 displays typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols.
The solidification point, of Polyglykol 800 is about 28 °C.
Storage of Polyglykol 800:
When Polyglykol 800 is stored in a cold, dry place in a closed container Polyglykol 800 can be kept for at least two years.
Applications of Polyglykol 800:
Based on their physical and chemical characteristics - polyethylene glycols are used for a wide variety of applications.
Fields of industrial applications of Polyglykol 800:
- Reactive diol/polyether component in polyester or polyurethene resins
- Component of auxiliaries for leather and textile processing
- Cosmetic / pharmaceutical formulations (e.g. humectant or solubilizer for creams, shampoos, tooth paste)
- Lubricant and mould release agent for rubber and elastomer processing
- Plasticizer and binder for ceramic and concrete manufacturing
- Component of lubricant formulations
- Water soluble, lubricating component in metalworking fluids
- Humectant for paper, wood and cellulose films
- Solvent and humectant for dyes and inks
- Modifier for production of regenerated viscose
- Humectant and plasticizer for adhesives
- Heat transfer medium
Polyglykol 800 is a polyethylene glycol that is used for a wide variety of applications as a humectant, solubilizer, lubricant, plasticizer, and modifier.
KEYWORDS:
25322-68-3, Polyglykol 1000, Polyglykol 1000 SG VITA, Polyglykol 10000 S, Polyglykol 12000 S, Polyglykol 1500 FL PU, Polyglykol 1500 S, Polyglykol 2000 PU, Polyglykol 2000 S, Polyglykol 4000 S
Identification & Functionality of Polyglykol 800:
Chemical Family:
-Polyethylene Glycols, Polyols
Applications & Uses of Polyglykol 800:
-Markets: Personal Care
Applications of Polyglykol 800:
Personal Care — Beauty & Care:
-AP/Deo
-Bath & Shower
-Hair Care
-Oral Care
-Skin Care
Personal Care — Personal Hygiene:
-Hand Hygiene
Application Format of Polyglykol 800:
-Bar
-Creams
-Gel
-Lotions
-Rinse Off
-Roll On
-Serum
-Spray
AP/Deo Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Antiperspirants & Deodorants
Bath & Shower Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Bar Soaps
-Body Wash & Cleanser
-Bubble Bath
Fragrances & Perfume Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Fragrances & Perfumes
Hair Care Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Hair Styling Products
-Shampoos & Rinses
Oral Care Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Toothpaste
Personal Hygiene Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Hand Soap
-Liquid Hand Soap
Skin Care Applications of Polyglykol 800:
-Body Balms, Creams & Lotions
-Face Creams & Lotions
-Hand Cream
Chemical Name: PEG 800
INCI Name: PEG-16
Ingredient Origin: Synthetic
Cleaning Ingredients Functions: Solvent
Cosmetic Ingredients Functions of Polyglykol 800:
-Anti-Static Agent
-Humectant
-Moisturizing Agent
-Solubilizer
-Solvent
CAS No.: 25322-68-3
Product data:
water content (DIN 51777) % m/m max. 0.5
colour index [APHA] (EN 1557) (25 % in water) max. 15
pH (5 % w/w in water) (DIN EN 1262) 5 – 7
hydroxyl number (HOE 06 HB 0211) mg KOH/g 134 – 148
molecular weight g/mol 760 – 840
solidification point (EP III) °C 25 – 30
viscosity at 20°C (50 % w/w in water) (DIN 51562) mPas 21 – 23
flash point (DIN 51376) °C 270
ignition temperature (DIN 51794) °C >320
ethylene oxide ppm max. 1
dioxane ppm max. 1
Technologies:
-Cleaning Ingredients
-Cosmetic Ingredients
Product Families:
-Cleaning Ingredients — Functional Additives: Solvents & Carriers
-Cosmetic Ingredients — Functionals: Emulsifiers, Solubilizers & Dispersants, Solvents & Carriers
Other products:
Polyglykol 1000
Polyglykol 1000 is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 1000 is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol 1000 SG VITA
Polyglykol 1000 SG VITA t is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent.
Polyglykol 1000 SG VITA is 100% bio-based with a fully segregated supply chain and a renewable carbon index (RCI) of 100%.
Polyglykol 1000 SG VITA is recommended for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol 10000 S
Polyglykol 10000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 10000 S is suitable for paints and coatings.
The shelf life of Polyglykol 10000 S is 6 months.
Polyglykol 10000 SG
Polyglykol 10000 SG Vita is polyethylene glycol-based solvent.
Polyglykol 10000 SG is 100% bio-based with a fully segregated supply chain and a renewable carbon index (RCI) of 100%.
Polyglykol 10000 SG Vita is recommended for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol 12000 S
Polyglykol 12000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 12000 S is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol 1500 FL PU
Polyglykol 1500 FL PU is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 1500 FL PU is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 1500 S
Polyglykol 1500 S is a polyethylene glycol-based carrier, solvent, humectant and plasticizer with good biodegradability.
Polyglykol 1500 S possesses very low water content and good solubility in water.
Polyglykol 1500 S is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 2000 PU
Polyglykol 2000 PU is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 2000 PU is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 2000 S
Polyglykol 2000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 2000 S possesses low melting range, very low water content and excellent solubility in water.
Polyglykol 2000 S is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 300
Polyglykol 300 is an APEO-free, polyethylene glycol-based humectant.
Polyglykol 300 retards the drying of pigment pastes and forms a soluble film of the pigment preparation.
Polyglykol 300 prevents the formation of skin or lumps on the surface of the dispersion.
Polyglykol 300 is used in water-based and solvent-borne alkyd end-use pigment preparations.
The recommended dosage for point-of-sales colorants and in-plant titters is 4-8% and 6-10% respectively.
Polyglykol 400
Polyglykol 400 is an APEO-free, polyethylene glycol-based humectant.
Polyglykol 400 is used in water-based and solvent-borne alkyd end-use pigment preparations.
Polyglykol 400 retards the drying of pigment pastes and forms a soluble film of the pigment preparation.
Polyglykol 400 prevents the formation of skin or lumps on the surface of the dispersion.
The recommended dosage of Polyglykol 400 for point-of-sales colorants and in-plant titters is 4-8% and 6-10% respectively.
Polyglykol 4000 S
Polyglykol 4000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 4000 S possesses very low water content and excellent solubility in water.
Polyglykol 4000 S is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 600
Polyglykol 600 is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 600 is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 600 PU
Polyglykol 600 PU is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 600 PU is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 6000 P
Polyglykol 6000 P is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 6000 P possesses very low water content and excellent solubility in water.
Polyglykol 6000 P is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 6000 S
Polyglykol 6000 S is a polyethylene glycol grade-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 6000 S shows very low water content and good solubility in water.
Polyglykol 6000 S is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 8000 P
Polyglykol 8000 P is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 8000 P possesses very low water content and good solubility in water.
Polyglykol 8000 P is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 8000 S
Polyglykol 8000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 8000 S shows very low water content and good solubility in water.
Polyglykol 8000 S is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 9000 S
Polyglykol 9000 S is a polyethylene glycol-based solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 9000 S is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
The shelf life of Polyglykol 9000 S is 2 years.
Polyglykol AB/25-8
Polyglykol AB/25-8 is a poly alkyl ethylene glycol, butyl ether.
Polyglykol AB/25-8 displays moderate enhancement of hydrophilicity.
Polyglykol AB/25-8 also enhances material- and biocompatibility of polymers.
Polyglykol AB/25-8 is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol AM 1100
Polyglykol AM 1100 is a polyethylene glycol allyl methyl ether.
Polyglykol AM 1100 enhances hydrophilicity with increasing chain length.
Polyglykol AM 1100 also enhances material- and biocompatibility of polymers.
Polyglykol AM 1100 is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol AM 250
Polyglykol AM 250 is a polyethylene glycol allyl methyl ether.
Polyglykol AM 250 enhances hydrophilicity with increasing chain length.
Polyglykol AM 250 also enhances material- and biocompatibility of silicones & polymers.
Polyglykol AM 250 is suitable for paint additive manufacturing.
Polyglykol AM 450
Polyglykol AM 450 is a polyethylene glycol allyl methyl ether with low sodium content.
Polyglykol AM 450 enhances hydrophilicity with increasing chain length.
Polyglykol AM 450 also enhances material- and biocompatibility of silicones & polymers.
Polyglykol AM 450 is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol D 21/150
Polyglykol D 21/150 is a solvent and humectant.
Polyglykol D 21/150 is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol D 21/300
Polyglykol D 21/300 is a solvent and humectant.
Polyglykol D 21/300 is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol D 21/700
Polyglykol D 21/700 is a solvent and humectant.
Polyglykol D 21/700 is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol G 500
Polyglykol G 500 is a preservative-free, humectant designed for waterborne pigment preparations.
Polyglykol G 500 offers lower preparation viscosities compared with conventional linear polyglycols, low VOC-content and little impact on wet scrub resistance at usual charges.
Polyglykol G 500 retards the drying of pigment pastes and forms a soluble film of the pigment preparation.
This APEO-free product prevents the formation of skin or lumps on the surface of the dispersion.
The recommended dosage for pigment preparations varies from 5-15% on the preparation.
The shelf life of Polyglykol G 500 is 730 days.
Polyglykol G 500 is compliant with ecolabel criteria.
Polyglykol M 1000
Polyglykol M 1000 is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 1000 is suitable for paints and coatings.
The shelf life of this product is 2 years.
Polyglykol M 2000 FL
Polyglykol M 2000 FL is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 2000 FL is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 2000 S
Polyglykol M 2000 S is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 2000 S is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 350
Polyglykol M 350 is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether with low water content.
Polyglykol M 350 contains low content of diol contaminants.
Polyglykol M 350 possesses narrow molecular weight distribution.
Polyglykol M 350 is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 350 PU
Polyglykol M 350 PU is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 350 PU possesses low content of diol contaminants.
Polyglykol M 350 PU is used in paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 500
Polyglykol M 500 is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 500 is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 500 PU
Polyglykol M 500 PU is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 500 PU offers low alkali and low water content.
Polyglykol M 500 PU is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol M 750
Polyglykol M 750 is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 750 is used in paints and coatings.
The shelf life of Polyglykol M 750 is 2 years.
Polyglykol M 750 PU
Polyglykol M 750 PU is a linear, mono hydroxy-functional, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Polyglykol M 750 PU is suitable for paints and coatings.
Polyglykol 10000 FL
Polyglykol 10000 FL is a polyethylene glycol.
Polyglykol 10000 FL acts as a humectant, solvent, and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 10000 FL shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 10000 FL is a yellowish liquid.
Polyglykol 10000 FL is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 10000 FL is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 10000 FL is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Polyglykol 10000 FL is suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 1500 FL
Polyglykol 1500 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade.
Polyglykol 1500 FL acts as a plasticizer, solvent and humectant.
Polyglykol 1500 FL shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 1500 FL is a yellowish liquid.
Polyglykol 1500 FL is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 1500 FL is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 1500 FL is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Polyglykol 1500 FL is suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 1500 PS
Polyglykol 1500 PS is a polyethylene glycol grade suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer. Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 1500 PS is a yellow powder.
Polyglykol 1500 PS is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 1500 PS is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 1500 PS is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Polyglykol 200 LVC
Polyglykol 200 LVC is a polyethylene glycol with a weight average molecular weight of 200 g/mole.
Acts as a solvent and humectant.
Polyglykol 200 LVC is APEO-free and has low VOC content.
Polyglykol 200 LVC retards the drying of pigment pastes and forms a soluble film of the pigment preparation.
Polyglykol 200 LVCs recommended dosage in pigment preparations is 5 – 15%, for organic pigments is 25-30% on pigments and for inorganic pigments is 10-15% on pigments.
Polyglykol 200 LVC is Ecolabel compliant.
Polyglykol 200 LVC is listed on REACH, AICS, DSL, ENCS, IECSC, KECI, NECI, NZIoC, PICCS and TSCA inventories.
Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol slows down the drying of pigment preparations and prevent skin formation.
Ideal dosage on organic pigment is 10-12%.
Polyethylene glycol is used as humectants, retention agent and solvent in waterborne pigments.
Polyethylene glycol is approved for ecolabels and complies with the following regulations: environmental label (blue angel), EINECS, TSCA, DSL, AICS, CN, ECL, and METI.
Polyglykol 2000 FL
Polyglykol 2000 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 2000 FL is available as a yellow liquid.
Polyglykol 2000 FL is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 2000 FL is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 2000 FL is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Polyglykol 3400 FL
Polyglykol 3400 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade soluble in water & polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 3400 FL is available as yellow liquid.
Polyglykol 3400 FL is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 3400 FL is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 3400 PS
Polyglykol 3400 PS is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellow powder.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 3400 PS is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 3400 PS is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 3400 PS is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 PS
Polyglykol 4000 PS is a polyethylene glycol grade available as spray dried powder form.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 4000 PS is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 4000 PS is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 4000 PS is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 FL
Polyglykol 4000 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellowish liquid.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 4000 FL is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 4000 FL is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 4000 FL is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 M50
Polyglykol 4000 M50 is a white waxy solid polyethylene glycol supplied at 50% solution in water at room temperature.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 4000 M50 is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 4000 M50 is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 4000 M50 is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 P
Polyglykol 4000 P is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellow powder.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 4000 P is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 4000 P is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 4000 P is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 PF
Polyglykol 4000 PF is a polyethylene glycol grade available as solid in fine powder form.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols and a very low evaporation rate.
Polyglykol 4000 PF is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol 4000 PF is insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.
Polyglykol 4000 PF is compatible with cellulose, polyester and polyurethane.
Suitable for use in cellulose films and paints.
Polyglykol 4000 PSK
Polyglykol 4000 PSK is a polyethylene glycol grade acting as a humectant, plasticizer and solvent.
Polyglykol 6000 FL
Polyglykol 6000 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellowish liquid.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 6000 PF
Polyglykol 6000 PF is a yellow colored polyethylene glycol grade present as fine powder form.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 6000 PS
Polyglykol 6000 PS is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellow spray dried powder.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 8000 FL
Polyglykol 8000 FL is a yellow colored polyethylene glycol grade available in liquid form.
Acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol 8000 PF
Polyglykol 8000 PF is a polethylene glycol grade with a mean molecular weight of 8000.
Polyglykol 8000 PF is a yellowish wax-like solid at room temperature.
Polyglykol 8000 PS
Polyglykol 8000 PS is a polethylene glycol available as yellowish wax-like solid at room temperature.
Polyglykol 8000 PS has a mean molecular weight of 8000.
Polyglykol 9000 FL
Polyglykol 9000 FL is a polyethylene glycol grade available as yellowish liquid.
Polyglykol 9000 FL acts as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.
Polyglykol A 11/1800
Polyglykol A 11/1800 is a hygroscopic polyalkylene glycol monoallyl ether.
Polyglykol A 32/550
Polyglykol A 32/550 is a hygroscopic polyalkylene glycol monoallyl ether grade.
Polyglykol A 32/550 is a clear, yellowish liquid at room temperature.
Polyglykol A 400
Polyglykol A 400 is a hygroscopic polyalkylene glycol monoallyl ether grade.
Polyglykol A 400 is neutral and soluble in water & commonly used organic solvents like acetone or methanol.
Polyglykol A 500
Polyglykol A 500 is a polyethylene glycol monoallyl ether.
Polyglykol A 500 is a clear, yellowish liquid at room temperature.
Polyglykol PR 600
Polyglykol PR 600 is a polyalkylenglycol available as clear liquid.
Acts as a solvent and humectant.
Shows typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols.