SMOKE SUPPRESSANT (AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE APP)

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene.
Further applications are thermosets, where Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats, epoxies and polyurethane castings.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.

CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
Density: 1,9 g/cm3; bulk density = 0,7 g/cm3
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.
When Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is exposed to fire or heat, it decomposes to polymeric phosphate acid and ammonia.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) reacts with hydroxyl groups to form a nonstable phosphate ester.
Following dehydration of the phosphate ester, a carbon foam is built up on the surface and acts as an insulation layer.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used in plastics such as PP, PVC, PE, polyester, rubber, and expandable fireproof coatings.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a white powder, free of visible foreign matter used as a fire retardant additive.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is composed of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) CAS NO. 68333-79-9.

Identifiers of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
CAS Number: 68333-79-9
CHEBI: 147408
ECHA InfoCard: 100.063.425 Edit this at Wikidata
E number: E452(v) (thickeners, ...)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3097842

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an effective ﬁre retardant additive for applications such as: intumescent paints and coatings, both water-based and solvent-based.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can also be applied to intumescent mastics, caulks, putties, sealants, epoxies, ﬁlms and adhesives, as well as polymer systems, including those based on polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, rubber, acrylics and polyterephthalates.
Building materials such as wall coverings, ceiling tiles, rooﬁng products, wall panels, wood chip board and composites can also be used with the application of APP.

We specialize in supplying various grade of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) and complimentary products.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s are key ingredients of intumescent coatings.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) act as charring catalysts and influence the performance and stability of the finished coating.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s ensure stable foaming and protect steel structures from collapsing.
In addition, oxygen transmission is prevented and the spread of toxic fumes during the fire are inhibited.

The use of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) leads to non-toxic, environmentally-friendly fire protection.
Choosing the correct Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is important.

The chain length (n) of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is both variable and branched, and can be greater than 1 000.
Short and linear chain APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) (n < 100) are more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable than longer chain APPs (n >1000), which show a very low water solubility (< 0.1 g/ 100 ml).

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a stable, non-volatile compound.
In contact with water Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) it slowly gets hydrolysed to monoammonium phosphate (orthophosphate).
Higher temperatures and prolonged exposure to water will accelerate the hydrolysis.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) are two typical inorganic phosphorus flame retardants.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a branched or linear polymeric compound with a variable degree of polymerization (n).

Generally, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) of a low degree of polymerization (n ≤ 100, crystalline form I) is water soluble or water sensitive, while APP with longer chains (n ≥ 1000, crystalline form II) displays a very low water solubility (<0.1 g/100 mL).
Compared with Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), MPP holds higher thermal stability and lower water sensitivity.

In general, long-chain Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) starts to degrade at a temperature of above 300°C, generating ammonia and polyphosphoric acid, while the short-chain one begins decomposing at 150°C.
Thus choosing Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) as the flame retardant strongly depends on the processing temperature of materials.

Properties of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Molecular Formula: (NH4PO3)n

About Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is most likely to be released to the environment.
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP).
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.

Manufacture of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Release to the environment of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

When Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is added into a polymeric material containing oxygen and/or nitrogen elements, the char may form.
At high temperature, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) degrades to create free acidic hydroxyl groups and form ultraphosphate and polyphosphoric acid, which can catalyze the dehydration reaction of polymers to yield char residues.
However, in nonself-charring polymeric materials, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) only alters the degradation mechanism of the polymer.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) and melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) are considered to be the most effective phosphorus-based flame retardants applicable for unsaturated polyesters.
The degradation mechanism of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) has been studied extensively by thermal methods and consists of elimination of water and ammonia and formation of polyphosphoric acid, which is subsequently evaporated and dehydrated at temperatures above 250°C.

With melamine-based flame retardants, two mechanisms of action are encountered.
Sublimation of melamine at ca. 350°C and subsequent decomposition processes yielding cyanamide are very endothermic processes that absorb energy from the burning matter.

Upon heating, melamine also progressively condensates under evolution of ammonia to thermally stable condensation products: melam, melem, and melon.
This reaction competes with melamine volatilization and is more pronounced if melamine is entrapped within the charring material.
The combination with phosphate chemistry further improves the efficiency of this flame retardant.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a stable and non-volatile compound.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) comes under the category of halogen free flame retardants and works as a smoke suppressant too.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is very cost effective when compared to other halogen free systems.
Lower loading into polymers ensures good retention of mechanical and electrical properties and excellent flow.
Allowing plastics to exhibit excellent processability, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as an efficient flame retardant in the furniture industry and for interior fabrics for the automotive industry.

CAS Number: 68333-79-9
Other names: Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.

KEYWORDS:
68333-79-9, 269-789-9, Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts, Triammonium orthophosphate, Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, H48N11O25P7, Water-SolubleAmmoniumPolyphosphate, Flameguard PT 8, Hostaflam 423

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) commercially produced by Clariant, (former business area of Hoechst AG), Budenheim and other sources is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n(OH)2 showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

The properties of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.
Shorter chains (n<100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n>1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.
However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) at pH between 5 and 7.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).
APP is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s as used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
They start to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.

The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.

The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst.
In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.

In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.
Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of APP are described in a series of publications

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is composed of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia in the chains.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is reported to act mainly in the condensed phase to promote char formation with acid catalysis; but also in some cases dilute the flammable decomposition products with the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide in the gas phase.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a halogen-free flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resin composites.
Commonly used are Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s having the general formula .
A significant reduction of the flame spread index is achieved by a combination of a polyhydroxy compound, a polyphosphate, melamine, cyanuric acid, melamine salts, e.g., melamine cyanurate, and a polyacrylate monomer.

The effect of aluminum trihydroxide in combination with Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) has been investigated.
Thermogravimetric experiments revealed an improved thermal stability in the range of 200–600 °C.

Obviously, aluminum trihydroxide is more efficient than calcium carbonate in delaying the time of ignition and lowering the yield of carbon monoxide.
However, no significant synergistic effect in reducing the peak heat release was observed.

The fire retardant polyacrylate component should be distinguished from the unsaturated monomers that may be included as crosslinkers in the resin systems.
It cannot be ruled out that the polyacrylate may become involved in the crosslinking reactions of such systems.

However, it has been observed that the fire retardant effect of the polyacrylates is also effective in those resin systems that do not involve curing by way of unsaturated groups.
Preferred polyacrylates are those having backbones of a type that is known to contribute to char formation, for example those having alkylene or oxyalkylene backbones

This category generally includes phosphate esters, ammonium orthophosphates, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s, and red phosphorus.
These retardants are oxidized during combustion to phosphorus oxide, which turns into a phosphoric acid on its interaction with water.

This acid stimulates the take-up of water out of the bottom layer of the material that has decomposed thermally, leading to char, thus increasing the carbonate waste as well as reducing the emission of combustible gases.
The phosphorous compounds work in the solid state, but can also operate in a gaseous state when they contain halogenated compounds.
This group represents 20% of the world flame retardant production.

Several detailed studies have been made in which the fire retardant additive is Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP).
It is necessary first to understand the effect of heat on Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) as the temperature is gradually increased.

In the temperature region 100–260 °C, less than 5% weight loss (as ammonia and water) occurs.
Some free acid groups are formed, which condense to form crosslinks.
The physical state changes from powder to a glassy, hygroscopic solid, from which gas evolution is less easy.

The Psingle bondOsingle bondP links produced are easily hydrolyzed to acidic groups.
Between 260 and 350 °C the rate of evolution of NH3 and H2O goes through a maximum and declines to zero after 20% weight loss.

The product is polyphosphoric acid, a hygroscopic glass.
In the final stage above 350 °C (which may be too high a temperature region to influence some polymers), the polyphosphoric acid structure is fragmented with the formation of low volatility products.
The effects of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) are therefore likely to be due to one or more of these: evolution of NH3 and H2O, production of polyphosphoric acid or acidic species derived from it, and the glassy state of the intermediate decomposition product.

When PMMA is heated with Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), chemical changes in the PMMA occur only above 260 °C in the heating programme, i.e. after NH3 and H2O evolution has ceased and polyphosphoric acid is present.
The observed effects are believed to be due to mobile fragmentation products rather than the crosslinked polyphosphoric acid itself.20

The primary effect is to cause ester groups to be converted to anhydride rings, a small concentration of which is sufficient to interfere significantly with the depolymerization process.
Thus the production of monomer (which is the volatile fuel in a fire situation) is slowed down.

When the temperature is increased, the products include, in addition to monomer, methanol, CO2 and CO.
There is therefore a close parallel with the behaviour of PMMA in other acid-releasing environments, such as blends with polychloroprene.

The application of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) in different types of commodity thermoplastic composites (polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)) have been discussed in terms of mechanical properties, morphologies and thermal properties.
In addition, engineering thermoplastics such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyamides and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and their composites added with APP and other additives were analyzed as well.

It was suggested that improvement of mechanical properties and morphologies of the thermoplastic composites could be made possible with appropriate amount of APP and other additives such as montmorillonite (MMT), pentaerythritol (PER) and different types of layered double hydroxide (LDH).
Furthermore, thermal properties such as limiting oxygen index (LOI) values together with cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) performance could be enhanced through optimum combination of APP, PER and melamine which functions as intumescent flame retardant (IFR).

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)-based flame retardants have been sold in the U.S., Europe, and Asia for several years.
In the U.S., they are used in the treatment of commercial furniture upholstery, automotive interior fabrics, draperies, and in other applications.

Outside the U.S., APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) are also used as flame retardants in commercial furniture upholstery.
Water-soluble forms of APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) are approved for use in food as a sequestrant and emulsifier.

Both LR2 and LR4 are used for semi-durable, flame-retardant (FR) application.
Water-soluble LR2 is applied to cellulose-rich upholstery fabrics.

Less-soluble LR4 is applied to fabrics as a latex back-coating.
Phosphate is a structural component of bones and teeth and is essential in many enzymatic processes.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an ammonium salt of phosphoric acid.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a high molecular weight fire retardant.
To achieve a synergistic effect, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is added to the formulation of fire retardant coatings together with pentaerythritol or melamine.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used for the paint and varnish industry and the production of coatings for use in the production of such final products as:
-intumescent fire-resistant coatings, for polyolefins (polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic polyolefins)
-polyurethane foams (hard, elastic and TPU)
-thermosetting resins (epoxy, phenolic and unsaturated polyesters)
-thermoplastic
-textile coverings
-paints
-plywood

Description of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) II crystalline phase.

Long chain Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) starts to decompose at temperatures above 300 °C to polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Short chain Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) will begin to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.

There are two main families of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) :
Crystal phase I APP (APP I) and Crystal phase II APP (APP II).

Crystal phase I APP (APP I) is characterized by a variable linear chain length, showing a lower decomposition temperature (aprox 150°C) and a higher water solubility than Crystal Phase II Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP).
In APP I, n (number of phosphate units) is generally lower than 100.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.

Applications of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
-intumescent fire-resistant coatings, for polyolefins (polypropylene, polyester and thermoplastic polyolefins)
-polyurethane foams (hard, elastic and TPU)
-thermosetting resins (epoxy, phenolic and unsaturated polyesters)
-thermoplastic, textile coatings, paints, plywood.

CHEMICAL NAME:
ammonium salt of polyphosphoric acid

CAS:
68333-79-9

APPLICATIONS:
Fire retardant coatings

Properties of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
-high degree of polymerization
-good heat resistance
-low hygroscopicity.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a highly effective inorganic flame retardant.

Applications of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
-for the production of fire retardant intumescent paints, varnishes and sealants for coatings of metal structures, cables and wood
-in the production of products on a wooden basis (chipboard, fiberboard, plywood)
-in the synthesis of a wide range of resins and plastics with reduced combustibility, flammability, smoke-forming ability, toxicity of combustion products and with reduced flame spread over the surface
-in the production of fire-resistant compounds based on rubbers, rubbers, artificial leather, lubricants.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) commercially, (former business area of Hoechst AG), Budenheim and other sources is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
APP's (Ammonium Polyphosphate) chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n(OH)2 showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.
However, depending on the degree of polymerization, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with APP-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
The properties of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.

Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000).
Consequently, short polymer chains and oligomers (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show decreasing solubility with increasing chain length.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with APP-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.
Further applications are thermosets, where APP is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).

The phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.

In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat therefore preventing the pyrolysis of the substrate.
Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with polyalcohols such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agent.

The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of APP are described in a series of publications.
Due to its uncritical toxicological and environmental profile, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) has the potential to widely substitute halogen-containing flame retardants in a series of applications like flexible and rigid PUR-foam and thermoplastics.

Soluble Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) (SAPP) is employed to prepare flame retardant semirigid polyurethane foam (SPUF) using water as blowing agent.
The flame retardant property of SPUF is evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and horizontal burning test

Polyurethane foam is regarded as a versatile polymeric material for its comparatively excellent properties such as low density, high specific strength, great insulation, large specific surface area, and good sound-absorbing performance.
Polyurethane foam is more easily burned compared to other foams since there are many easily decomposing urea bonds in it.
Thus, it is necessary to improve the flame retardant property of polyurethane foam

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), as inorganic phosphorus flame retardant with nitrogen-phosphorus synergistic intumescent effect, has the advantages of thermal stability and lasting effect.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can also improve the mechanical properties of the material, so it is often used with other flame retardants, and the most common APP flame retardant studied by researchers is form II, of which the polymerization degree is greater than 1000.

In this paper, the water blown SPUF is synthesized only with soluble Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) (SAPP) with a low polymerization degree.
Our aim is to study the effect of SAPP on the thermal degradation, the flame-resistant, and the mechanical properties of the SPUF.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), Cas No 68333-79-9, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
For the chemical point of view, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.

Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).
- APP phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
- The second family of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.

Main Applications of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Solvent based and Water based intumescent coatings.
Flame retardant for polyurethanes.
Flame retardant for unsaturated polyesters.
Flame retardant for epoxies.
Flame retardant for acrylics.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
As a chemical, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is non-toxic, environmentally friendly and halogen-free.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is most commonly used as a flame retardant, selection of the specific grade of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can be determined by the solubility, Phosphorus content, chain length and polymerization degree.
The chain length (n) of this polymeric compound can be linear or branched.
Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).

APP phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
The second family of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a specialty chemical that finds many different uses in key industries.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP), is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen containing flame retardants, it can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.
Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications.

The most common Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) fertilizers have a N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) composition of 10-34-0 or 11-37-0.
Polyphosphate fertilizers offer the advantage of a high nutrient content in a clear, crystal-free fluid that remains stable within a wide temperature range and stores well for long periods.
A variety of other nutrients mix well with polyphosphate fertilizers, making them excellent carriers of micronutrients typically needed by plants.

Description of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)s are liquid fertilizers with compositions up to 11-37-0, manufactured by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia with superphosphoric acid.
Superphosphoric acid is made by the concentration of regular wet-process acid up to P2O5 concentrations of 78%.
Granular polyphosphates suitable for bulk blending are made by reacting ammonia with regular wet process acid of 52% P2O5 content and using the heat of reaction to drive off water to produce a phosphate melt of 10-43-0, with about 40% of the phosphorus in the polyphosphate form.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a fine-particle Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) (phase II) optimized for low viscosity in aqueous suspension and intumescent coatings.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is largely insoluble in water and completely insoluble in organic solvents.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is colourless, non-hygroscopic and non-flammable.

Benefits of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Optimized for low viscosity in aqueous suspension, low water solubility and low acid number
Non-halogenated flame retardant with favorable environmental and health profile
Particularly suitable as an ”acid donor” for intumescent coatings thanks to its low water solubility. Steel structures coated with intumescent paints can meet the requirements of fire resistance classes specified in EN, DIN, BS, ASTM and others.
Their application on wood or plastics enables these materials to qualify for Building Material Class B (DIN EN 13501-1)
Imparts a good flame-retardant effect to adhesives and sealants when it is incorporated into the base formulation at the rate of 10 - 20%
Suitable non-halogenated flame retardant for polyurethane foams.

Flame retardants help to save lives by slowing down or stopping the spread of fire or reducing its intensity.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is also called fire retardants, they are used in anything from phones and curtains to car seats and buildings.
If a fire starts, they may be able to stop it completely – or slow it down and so provide precious extra time for escape.

Applications of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can be used for all applications Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is suitable for.
In cases where a specific phosphorus content is required to obtain the desired effect, the lower phosphorus content of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) should be compensated by increasing the amount of product added.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can be used advantageously in intumescent coatings where the Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is required to have extremely low water solubility and where lower heat stability at temperatures above 300 °C contributes to more rapid foaming of the coating.

On account of its low water solubility, APP is particularly suitable as an ”acid donor” for intumescent coatings.
Other essential components of intumescent systems include a binder, a carbon donor (e.g. pentaerythritol) and a blowing agent (e.g. melamine).

On exposure to flame, the intumescent coatings form a carbonaceous foam which effectively shields the underlying material from temperature increases.
Steel structures coated with intumescent paints can meet the requirements of fire resistance classes specified in EN, DIN, BS, ASTM and others.

The application of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) based intumescent coatings on wood or plastics enables these materials to qualify for Building Material Class B (DIN EN 13501-1).
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) imparts a good flame-retardant effect to adhesives and sealants when it is incorporated into the base formulation at the rate of 10 - 20 %.

Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is a suitable non-halogenated flame retardant for polyurethane foams.
If handling of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) as a solid is not possible we recommend the dosage of the flame retardant by preparing an APP/polyol-suspension.

Because of the low acid number of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) it is also possible to incorporate this flame retardant in an APP/isocyanate suspension.
To prevent the solid from settling the Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) suspensions should be stirred or circulated by pump.

Other applications of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) has an excellent flame-retardant effect in cellulose-containing materials such as paper and wood products.
With chipboard products the B classification according to DIN EN 13501-1 can be achieved by adding 15 - 20 % APP.
Casting resins based on epoxy resins or unsaturated polyester resins achieve the classification UL94-V0 with APP.

Packaging of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) is packed in 40 x 25 kg-paper bags (polyethylene inliner) net per 1.000 kg-pallet, shrink-wrapped.
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) can also be supplied in a variety of big bags,shrink-wrapped.

Storage of Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP):
Minimum shelf life is 12 months from the date of shipping when stored according to the recommended conditions.

Synonyms
Ammonium Poly-phosphate
Ammonium Poly phosphate
Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts
Triammonium orthophosphate
Ammonium phosphate tribasic
Exolit AP 422
FR CROS 484
APP
APP-130
Phase I Grade APP130
H48N11O25P7
UNII-2ZJF06M0I9
polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts
APP
APP-0
XAP-01
APP-3
APP-1
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) flame retardant
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)
Water-SolubleAmmoniumPolyphosphate
CrystallinePhaseIiAmmoniumPolyphosphate
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)
Amyloid β/A4 Precursor Protein Fragment 328-332
APP1000 ( non-coated APP)
APP1001 (Melamine Coated APP)
APP1002 (Silicone Coated APP)
APP50 ( non-coated APP)
AMoMoniuM poly phoaphate
APP Ⅰ
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)(HONOR APP-HS)
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP)(HONOR APP-HM)
Anti-Aminopeptidase P3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-APP3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-Putative Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-X-Pro aminopeptidase 3 antibody produced in rabbit
Anti-XPNPEP3 antibody produced in rabbit
XPNPEP3
Smoke Suppressant (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP) N＞1000
Polyphosphoric acids ammonium salt
FR-APP
Ammonium triphosphate
Pentaammonium triphosphate
14693-67-5
Novawhite
Sumisafe
Antiblaze MC
Antiblaze MCM
Amgard CL
Amgard MC
Amgard TR
Taien A
Taien H
Flameguard PT 8
Hostaflam 423
Fire-Trol LCG-R
Albaplas AP 95
Hostaflam AP 420
Hostaflam AP 422
Hostaflam AP 462
Hostaflam AP 464
Exolit 263
Exolit 422
Exolit 442
Exolit 454
Exolit 455
Exolit 462
Exolit 470
Phos-Chek P 30
Phos-Chek P 40
Phos-Chek P 60
Budit 365
Exolit AP 422
Exolit AP 423
Exolit AP 462
Budit 3076DC
DFP-I
Budit 3076
Budit 3077
Hostaflam TP-AP 751
Hostaflam TP-AP 752
FR-Cros 480
FR-Cros 484
APP 422
CHEBI:147408
AP 422
68333-79-9
69333-79-9
98333-79-9
6833-79-9
NH4PO3n
NH4n2PnO3n1
Phosphorus Series
Flame retardant
UVCBs-polymer

Regulatory process names:
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfosuccinates, disodium salts
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfosuccinates, disodium salts

IUPAC names:
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxilated, sulfosuccinates, disodium salts
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated (3), sulfosuccinates, disodium salts
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfates, ammonium salts
Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfosuccinates, disodium salts
butanedioic acid sulfo mono (C10-C16) alkyl ethoxylated ester sidodium salt
Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, mono(C10-C16)alkyl ethoxylated ester, disodium salt
Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, mono-C10-16-alkyl ethoxylated ester, disodium salt
disodium;4-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)-3-sulfonatobutanoate
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-.omega.-hydroxy-, C10-12-alkyl ethers, disodium salts
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-w-hydroxy-, C10-16-alkyl ethers, disodium salts
Polymer : Alcohols, C10-16, ethoxylated, sulfosuccinates, disodium salts > 2.5 moles ethoxylated

Trade names:
Aerosol-A-102; 30% Active Matter; active substance
BG 8693; 3-EO
C12/14-Fettalkohol + 2 EO-Sulfosuccinat, Dinatrium-Salz; 2-EO
Disponil SUS 36; 4-EO; 30% Active Matter; active substance
Disponil SUS 65 EW-POL 9065; 3-EO
Disponil SUS 65; 3-EO; 39,8% Active Matter; active substance
Elfanol-616; 3-EO; 40% Active Matter; active substance
EW-POL 7636; 4-EO
EW-POL 9533; 3-EO
F 1290 A; 4-EO
FA-polyglykolether sulfosuccinat-Na2
Fettalkohol-polyglykolether-sulfo-succinat, di-Na-Salz
HF BG 8693; 3-EO
HF-DISPONIL SUS 36
KE 1735; 3-EO; 39,8% Active Matter; active substance
KE 3102; 3-EO
Ke 697; 3-EO; 30% Active Matter; active substance
Li XXVIII/191; unbekannt; 50,6% Active Matter; active substance
Li XXVIII/192; 3-EO; 30,6% Active Matter; active substance
NEO-HITENOL LM-20
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethandiyl), α-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)- ω-hydroxy-, C10-16-alkylether, di-Natriumsalze
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethandiyl), α-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)- ω-hydroxy-, C12-14-alkylether, di-Natriumsalze
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-omega-hydroxy-, C10-16-alkyl ethers, disodium salts
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-(3-Carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-ω-hydroxy-, C10-16-alkyl Ethers, Di
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-ω-hydroxy-, C10-16-alkyl ethers, disodium salts
REWOPOL SB FA 30 K4; 3-EO
Rewopol SB FA 30; 3-EO; 39% Active Matter; active substance
REWOPOL SBFA 30 PH; 3-EO; 39% Active Matter; active substance
Setacin 103 spezial; ca. 3-EO; 39% Active Matter; active substance
Steinapol-SBFA-30-PH; 3-EO; 39% Active Matter; active substance
Steinapol-SBFA-30; 3-EO; 39% Active Matter; active substance
Sulfobernsteinsäure(C10-16-alkyl + EO)-ester, di-Na-Salz
Sulfobernsteinsäure, Monoester mit Alkoholen C10-16 und nEO, di-Natriumsalze
Sulfobernsteinsäure-(alkyl(C12-14) + EO)-ester, Di-Na-Salz
Sulfobernsteinsäure-(alkyl(C12/14)-3 EO)-ester, Dinatriumsalz
Sulfobernsteinsäurehalbester auf Basis eines Alkylpolyglykolether, Di-Natriumsalz
Sulfobernsteinsäurehalbester auf Basis eines Alkylpolyglykolethers, Di-Na-Salz
Sulfobernsteinsäurehalbester, di-Na-Salz auf Basis einesAlkylpolyglykolesters
Sulfobernsteinsäurehalbester, di-Natriumsalz auf Basis eines Alkylpolyglykolester
Sulfosuccinat Ke 697; 3-EO
SULFOSUCCINAT S 2; 2-EO; 30% Active Matter; active substance
SULFOSUCCINAT S 3; 3-EO; 30% Active Matter; active substance
Sulfosuccinic (FA C10-16 + 2EO)monoE, 2Na; 2-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C10-16 + 3EO)monoE, 2Na; 3-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C10-16 + 4EO)monoE, 2Na; 4-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C10-16 + nEO )monoE, 2Na; n-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C12-14 + 2EO)monoE, 2Na; 2-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C12-14 + 3EO)monoE, 2Na; 3,0-EO
Sulfosuccinic (FA C12-14 + nEO )monoE, 2Na; x-EO
Sulfosuccinic acid, monoester with alcohols C10-16 and nEO, disodium salts
Surfagene S 30; 39% Active Matter; active substance
Texapon Ke 3102; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB 3 BL; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB 3 BR; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 D; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 F; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 IS; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 K 400; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 KC; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB 3 ST; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB 3 UNKONS W; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 unkons; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 unkonserviert; 3-EO; 40% Active Matter; active substance
Texapon SB 3 unpreserved; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3 W; 3-EO
Texapon SB 3; 3-EO; 40,5% Active Matter; active substance
TEXAPON SB3 K 400 B; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB3 K 400 Bü; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB3 K 400 HO; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB3 K 400 SE; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB3 UNKONS.120KG; 3-EO
TEXAPON SB3-K 400 S1000KG; 3-EO
Texapon; 3-EO
Texin SB 3; 3-EO
α-(3-Carboxysulfopropionyl)-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyéthylène), éthers d'alkyles en C10-16, sels disodiques