1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO)

1,4-Butanediol (BDO), also called Butane-1,4-diol, is a primary alcohol and an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless viscous liquid first synthesized in 1890 via acidic hydrolysis of N,N'-dinitro-1,4-butanediamine by Dutch chemist Pieter Johannes Dekkers, who called it "tetramethylene glycol".

CAS Number: 112-60-7
EC Number: 203-989-9
IUPAC Name: Butane-1,4-diol
Molecular Formula: C4H10O2

Other names: 1 4-BUTANEDIOL, Butane-1 4-diol, 110-63-4, Tetramethylene glycol, 1 4-Butylene glycol, 1 4-Dihydroxybutane, 1 4-Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene 1 4-diol, Sucol B, DIOL 14B, 1,4-BD, Agrisynth B1D, HO(CH2)4OH, CCRIS 5984, NSC 406696, HSDB 1112, HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH, UNII-7XOO2LE6G3, EINECS 203-786-5, 7XOO2LE6G3, BRN 1633445, 1,4 butylene glycol, DTXSID2024666, CHEBI:41189, AI3-07553, MFCD00002968, NSC-406696, DTXCID804666, EC 203-786-5, 4-01-00-02515 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BDO, Dabco DBO, BU1, CAS-110-63-4, Dihydroxybutane, 4-hydroxybutanol, 1,4butanediol, 1.4-butanediol, Dabco BDO, 1,4-butandiol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,4-butane-diol, butane 1,4-diol, butane diol-1,4, butane-1-4-diol, 1,4- butandiol, Butan-1.4-diol, 1.4 - butanediol, 1,4-BUTANDIOLE, WLN: Q4Q, MLS001061198, CHEMBL171623, 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [MI], 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [HSDB], 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [INCI], HMS3039N12, Tox21_202245, Tox21_303040, NSC406696, AKOS000118735, CS-W016669, DB01955, NCGC00090733-01, NCGC00090733-02, NCGC00257119-01, NCGC00259794-01, BP-21418, SMR000677930, B0680, NS00006936, F71206, Q161521, J-503971, J-512798, F0001-0222, InChI=1/C4H10O2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h5-6H,1-4H, 732189-03-6

Synthesis
In industrial chemical synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form butyne-1,4-diol. Hydrogenation of butyne-1,4-diol gives butane-1,4-diol.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also made on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated.
Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.

A biological route to BD has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism.
The biosynthesis proceeds via 4-hydroxybutyrate.

Industrial use
Butane-1,4-diol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes.
In organic chemistry, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL).
In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, it dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran.
At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used to synthesize 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) diglycidyl ether which is then used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in the production of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) plastic.

World production of butane-1,4-diol was claimed to be about one million metric tons per year and market price is about US$ 2,000 (€1,600) per ton (2005).
In 2013, worldwide production was claimed to be billions of lbs (consistent with approximately one million metric tons).

Use as a recreational drug
Butane-1,4-diol is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O". A few Federal Courts have stated that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) exerts effects similar to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) [which is a metabolic product of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), but several other Federal courts have ruled that it does not.

Pharmacokinetics
Butane-1,4-diol is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users.
While co-administration of ethanol and GHB already poses serious risks, co-administration of ethanol with 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) will interact considerably and has many other potential risks.

This is because the same enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing alcohol also metabolize 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) so there is a strong chance of a dangerous drug interaction.
Emergency room patients who overdose on both ethanol and 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) often present with symptoms of alcohol intoxication initially and as the ethanol is metabolized the 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is then able to better compete for the enzyme and a second period of intoxication ensues as the 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is converted into GHB.

Pharmacodynamics
Butane-1,4-diol seems to have two types of pharmacological actions.
The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own.

The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that butane-1,4-diol coadministered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol.
However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
The shared metabolic rate-limiting steps thus leads to slowed metabolism and clearance for both compounds including ethanol's known toxic metabolite acetaldehyde.

Another study found no effect following intracerebroventricular injection of butane-1,4-diol in rats.
This contradicts the hypothesis of butane-1,4-diol having inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects.

Like gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, butane-1,4-diol is safe only in small amounts. Adverse effects in higher doses include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts.
Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.

Legality
While butane-1,4-diol is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, a number of states have classified 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) as a controlled substance. Individuals have been prosecuted for possession of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB.
A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) could not be considered an analog of GHB under federal law, but that decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit.

A jury in Federal District Court in Chicago found that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) was not an analog of GHB under federal law, which was not disputed on the case's appeal to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, however this finding did not affect the outcome of the case.
In the United Kingdom, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) was scheduled in December 2009 (along with another GHB precursor, gamma-butyrolactone) as a Class C controlled substance.
In Germany, the drug is not explicitly illegal, but might also be treated as illegal if used as a drug. It is controlled as a Schedule VI precursor in Canada.

2007 contamination of Bindeez toy
A toy called "Bindeez" ("Aqua Dots" in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of butane-1,4-diol.
The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other by sprinkling water. Butane-1,4-diol was detected by GC-MS.
The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic pentane-1,5-diol with butane-1,4-diol.
ChemNet China listed the price of butane-1,4-diol at between about US$1,350–2,800 per metric ton, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700 per metric ton.

2021 poisoning at Darmstadt Technical University
In August 2021, several people fell severely ill after consuming drinks at building L2.01 at the Lichtwiese Campus of Darmstadt Technical University, Germany.
Seven showed severe symptoms, two were transported to a hospital in Frankfurt am Main, and a 30-year-old person was, for a time, in a critical state.
Butane-1,4-diol had been detected in milk packages, as well as in water filters. At the location, detectives also found bromophenols and dicyclohexylamine.

Molar mass: 90.122 g·mol−1
Density: 1.0171 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 20.1 °C
Boiling point: 235 °C

Solubility in water: Miscible
Solubility in ethanol: Soluble
XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 90.068079557 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 90.068079557 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 17.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Butane-1,4-diol is a butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16°C) with a high boiling point (230°C), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).
Butane-1,4-diol has a role as a neurotoxin, a protic solvent and a prodrug.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a primary alcohol, and an organic compound, with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless viscous liquid.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a straight chain glycol with hydroxyl groups on both ends.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw material for high performance polyester and polyurethane resins as well as for industrial chemicals like tetrahydrofuran and gamma-butyrolactone.

Description of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is commonly used as a solvent in the chemical industry to manufacture gamma-butyrolactone and elastic fibers like spandex.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a cross-linking agent for thermoplastic urethanes, polyester plasticizers, paints and coatings.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) undergoes dehydration in the presence of phosphoric acid yielded teterahydrofuran, which is an important solvent used for various applications.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) acts an intermediate and is used to manufacture polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyurethane (PU).
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) finds application as an industrial cleaner and a glue remover.

Solubility of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is miscible with water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and glycol ethers.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is slightly miscible with diethyl ether.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is immiscible with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applications of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a raw material for polyester and polyurethane resins (chain extender, hard segment) that show excellent characteristics.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) find a wide range of applications including everyday consumer products such as clothing and shoe soles, consumer durables such as electrical appliances and cars, industrial materials such as machine parts, as well as medical products.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is anticipated that the use of these polymers will continue to expand.

Main Applications of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate) Resin Raw Material
Because 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw materail, PBT is a great engineering plastic with low water-absorbance and an excellent balance of mechanical and electrical properties.
Applications are expanding beyond the original electrical/electronic parts and automotive parts markets.

Polyurethane Resin Raw Material
By using 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) for the chain extender, urethane elastomers can be made with excellent mechanical properties and high resistances to heat, oil, and impact.

-Other Polyester Raw Materials
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is widely used to make various polyester resins and plasticizers.

Raw Material for Industrial Chemicals (Tetrahydrofuran, Gamma-Butyrolactone)
Tetrahydrofuran and gamma-butyrolactone are produced indutrially by dehydration or dehydrogenation of 14BG.

Uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a chromatographic analysis reagent and also used in organic synthesis 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has a wide range of uses.
More than half of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in the production of tetrahydrofuran in the United States and Western Europe, followed by the production of γ-butyrolactone and polybutylene terephthalate, which are rapidly developing engineering plastics; 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) as a chain extender and polyester raw material, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used to produce polyurethane elastomers and flexible polyurethane foams; esters made of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are good plasticizers for cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylate and polyester.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has good hygroscopicity and flexibility, and can be used as a gelatin softener and water absorbent, cellophane and other unused paper treatment agents.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can also prepare N-methylpyrrolidone, N-vinylpyrrolidone and other pyrrolidone derivatives, and is also used to prepare vitamin B6, pesticides, herbicides, and solvents that act on various processes, Plasticizers, lubricants, humidification agents, softness, adhesives and brighteners in the electroplating industry.
Reagents for chemical analysis, used as gas chromatography stationary liquid.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as solvent, non-toxic antifreeze, food emulsifier, moisture absorbent, used in organic synthesis.
Pharmaceutical, food industry.

Solvent.
Humectant.
Intermediate of plasticizer.
Crosslinkers for the manufacture of polyurethane elasto bodies.
Organic synthesis.
Manufacture of tetrahydrofuran.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a polymer consisting of ethylene glycol monomer units and two terminal hydroxyl groups.
The hydroxyl groups can react to further derivatize the compound.

Ethylene glycol compounds have hydrophilic characteristics.
The solubility of the polymer increases as the number of ethylene glycol groups increase.

About 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Uses at industrial sites of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and polymers.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles and for thermoplastic manufacture.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw material for high performance polyester and polyurethane resins as well as for industrial chemicals like tetrahydrofuran and gamma-butyrolactone.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a biodegradable primary alcohol with a high melting point.

Typical applications of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used as an intermediate to make polyurethane that is used in auto bumpers and dashboards.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used in polyester coatings.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) reacts with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), as well as reacting with adipic acid to yield polyesters with biodegradable attributes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) will produce polymers which exhibit greater hydrophobicity, as well as superior hydrolysis resistance and improved low temperature malleability over polymers produced from ethylene glycol.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is derived from butane by placement of alcohol groups at each end of the chain.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.

Description of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in synthesis of polyurethane and polyesters , paints and coatings, copolyester hot melt and solvent-borne adhesives.

Introduction to 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an industrial chemical, and is illicitly used as a substitute to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is structurally similar to GHB and there is a large body of evidence to confirm that GBL and BD are converted to GHB after oral administration.

Licit Uses:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a commonly used industrial chemical intermediate.
Worldwide yearly production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is measured in the millions of metric tons.

Chemistry:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has the molecular formula C4H10O2 and the molecular weight 90.12 g/mol.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, viscous liquid.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a chemical.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO)'s used as a source of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a recreational drug with euphoric and sedative effects.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is converted to GHB in the body.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) slows down the brain, which can cause loss of consciousness along with dangerous slowing of breathing and other vital functions.

People use 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) for muscle strength, obesity, insomnia, and other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any use.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also unsafe.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, viscous liquid derived from butane by placement of alcohol groups at each end of its molecular chain and is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.
The hydroxyl function of each end group of the Butanediol reacts with different mono- and bifunctional reagents: for example with dicarboxylic acids to polyesters, with diisocyanates to polyurethanes, or with phosgene to polycarbonates.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a high-quality intermediate.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) and its derivatives are widely used for producing plastics, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibers.

Additionally 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also a building block for the synthesis of polyesterpolyols and polyetherpolyols.
BASF is the most significant producer of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) and its derivatives worldwide.

Storage and Handling of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is hygroscopic and will be degraded by oxygen, so the storage container should be sealed with dry nitrogen.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is recommended that storage be at 25-40℃.

Below 20℃ 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) will be solid, but can be mellted by careful heating.
To melt solidified 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) in drums, hold overnight at 50-70℃.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is classified under the Japanese Fire Services Act as a hazardous material, Class 4, Petroleums No.3, water soluble, Hazardous Rank III.
Volatility is low, and 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is unlikely to catch fire by itself at room temperature.

However, in case it is burning, dry chemical, foam (alcohol resistant), or large amounts of water are effective.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has relatively low toxicity and is a relatively safe chemical.
When handling, however, protective equipment such as protective gloves and goggles should be worn.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is flammable.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) tastes bitter.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be miscible with water.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is solely solidified in the coolant to form colorless needle-like crystals, react with dilute nitric acid to form succinic acid, and produce precipitation when encountering potassium carbonate solution

Uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is mainly used in the manufacture of tetrahydrofuran, γ-butyrolactone, polyurethane and thermoplastic engineering plastic PBT resin.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can also be prepared N-methyl pyrrolidone, N-vinyl pyrrolidone and other pyrrolidone derivatives, also used in the preparation of vitamin B6, pesticides, herbicides and used as a variety of process solvents, plasticizers, lubricants, moisturizers, softeners, adhesives and brighteners for the electroplating industry.

Solubility of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) solubility is miscible with water.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone, slightly soluble in ether.

Uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as solvents and moisturizers, but also for the preparation of plasticizers, drugs, polyester resins, polyurethane resins, etc

Synthesis of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
In industrial chemical synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form butyne-1,4-diol.
Hydrogenation of butyne-1,4-diol gives 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also made on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated.
Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.

A biological route to BD has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism.
The biosynthesis proceeds via 4-hydroxybutyrate.

Industrial uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes.
In organic chemistry, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL).

In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran.
At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used to synthesize 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) diglycidyl ether which is then used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins.

Use as a recreational drug:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O".
A few Federal Courts have stated that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) exerts effects similar to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a metabolic product of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
But other Federal courts have ruled that it is not.

Pharmacokinetics:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users.
While co-administration of ethanol and GHB already poses serious risks, co-administration of ethanol with 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) will interact considerably and has many other potential risks.

Pharmacodynamics:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) seems to have two types of pharmacological actions.
The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own.
The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) coadministered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol.

However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
The shared metabolic rate-limiting steps thus leads to slowed metabolism and clearance for both compounds including ethanol's known toxic metabolite acetaldehyde.

Another study found no effect following intracerebroventricular injection of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) in rats.
This contradicts the hypothesis of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) having inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects.

Like gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is safe only in small amounts.
Adverse effects in higher doses include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts.
Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.

Legality:
While 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, a number of states have classified 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) as a controlled substance.
Individuals have been prosecuted for possession of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB.
A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) could not be considered an analog of GHB under federal law, but that decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit.

In Germany, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is not explicitly illegal, but might also be treated as illegal if used as a drug.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is controlled as a Schedule VI precursor in Canada.

A toy called "Bindeez" ("Aqua Dots" in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other by sprinkling water.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) was detected by GC-MS.
The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic pentane-1,5-diol with 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) had been detected in milk packages, as well as in water filters.
At the location, detectives also found bromophenols and dicyclohexylamine.

DESCRIPTION of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
General description of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
An oligomer of polyethylene glycol, tetra (ethylene glycol) (TEG) is a transparent, colorless, odorless, low volatility, hygroscopic liquid soluble in ethyl alcohol and very soluble in water.

Applications of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used for the synthesis of tetraethylene glycol metha acrylate monomer.
Glow discharge plasma deposition of TEG renders surfaces resistant to protein adsorption and cellular attachment.