E 466

E 466 is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic cellulose ether in which some of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose molecule have been replaced with a carboxy group.
E 466 is a thickening agent that is made by reacting cellulose (wood pulp, cotton lint) with a derivative of acetic acid (the acid in vinegar).
E 466 is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6
Molecular Formula: [C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)]
Molecular Weight: 262.19 g/mol

Synonymes:

cellulose gum, CMC, Na CMC, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium CMC, Cellulose Glycolic Acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Sodium Cellulose Glycolate, Sodium Tylose, Tylose Sodium, C.M.C., C.m.c., C.m.c. (TN): , Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium (usp), Carmellose sodium: , Carmellose sodium (JP15, Celluvisc, Celluvisc (TN): , Sodium 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal acetic acid, 9004-32-4, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE, Cellulose gum, Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt, sodium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;acetate, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium (USP), Carboxymethylcellulose cellulose carboxymethyl ether, CMC powder, Celluvisc (TN), C8H15NaO8, Carmellose sodium (JP17), CHEMBL242021, C.M.C. (TN), CHEBI:31357, E466, K625, D01544, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium - Viscosity 100 - 300 mPa.s, Cellulose Glycolic Acid Sodium Salt (n=approx. 500), Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (n=approx. 500)Sodium Cellulose Glycolate (n=approx. 500), Sodium Tylose (n=approx. 500), Tylose Sodium (n=approx. 500), 12M31Xp, 1400Lc, 2000Mh, 30000A, 7H3Sf, 7H3Sx, 7H4Xf, 7L2C, 7Mxf, 9H4F-Cmc, 9H4Xf, 9M31X, 9M31Xf, AG, Ac-Of-Sol, Antizol, Aoih, Aquacel, Aquaplast, Blanose, CMC, CMC-Na, Cellcosan, Cellofas, Cellogen, Cellpro, Cellugel, Cepol, Cmc-Clt, Cmc-Lvt, Cmcna, Collowel, Covagel, Dehydazol, Diko, Dissolvo, Dte-Nv, Ethoxose, F-Sl, Finnfix, Hpc-Mfp, KMTs, Kiccolate, Lovosa, Lucel, Marpolose, Micell, Natrium-Carboxymethyl-Cellulose, Nymcel, Orabase, PATs-V, Pac-R, Relatin, Scmc, Serogel, Sichozell, Sunrose, T.P.T, VinoStab, Yo-Eh, Yo-L, Yo-M, Substituents:: , Hexose monosaccharide, Medium-chain aldehyde, Beta-hydroxy aldehyde, Acetate salt, Alpha-hydroxyaldehyde, Carboxylic acid salt, Secondary alcohol, Carboxylic acid derivative, Carboxylic acid, Organic alkali metal salt, Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives, Polyol, Organic sodium salt, Aldehyde, Hydrocarbon derivative, Alcohol, Organic oxide, Carbonyl group, Primary alcohol, Organic salt, Organic zwitterion, Aliphatic acyclic compound, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, 7H3SF, AC-Di-sol. NF, AKU-W 515, Aquaplast, Avicel RC/CL, B 10, B 10 (Polysaccharide), Blanose BS 190, Blanose BWM, CM-Cellulose sodium salt, CMC, CMC 2, CMC 3M5T, CMC 41A, CMC 4H1, CMC 4M6, CMC 7H, CMC 7H3SF, CMC 7L1, NCMC 7M, CMC 7MT, CMC sodium salt, Carbose 1M, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, low-substituted, Carmellose sodium, low-substituted, Carmethose, Cellofas, Cellofas B, Cellofas B5, Cellofas B50, Cellofas B6, Cellofas C, Cellogel C, Cellogen 3H, Cellogen PR, Cellogen WS-C, Cellpro, Cellufix FF 100, Cellufresh, Cellugel, Cellulose carboxymethyl ether sodium salt, Cellulose glycolic acid, sodium salt, Cellulose gum, Cellulose sodium glycolate, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt, low-substituted, Celluvisc, Collowel, Copagel PB 25, Courlose A 590, Courlose A 610, Courlose A 650, Courlose F 1000G, Courlose F 20, Courlose F 370, Courlose F 4, Courlose F 8, Daicel 1150, Daicel 1180, Edifas B, Ethoxose, Fine Gum HES, Glikocel TA, KMTs 212, KMTs 300, KMTs 500, KMTs 600, Lovosa, Lovosa 20alk., Lovosa TN, Lucel (polysaccharide), Majol PLX, Modocoll 1200, NaCm-cellulose salt, Nymcel S, Nymcel ZSB 10, Nymcel ZSB 16, Nymcel slc-T, Polyfibron 120, Refresh Plus, Cellufresh Formula, S 75M, Sanlose SN 20A, Sarcell TEL, Sodium CM-cellulose, Sodium CMC, Sodium carboxmethylcellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium glycolate cellulose, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Tylose 666; Tylose C, Tylose C 1000P, Tylose C 30, Tylose C 300, Tylose C 600, Tylose CB 200, Tylose CB series, Tylose CBR 400, Tylose CBR seriesÜ Tylose CBS 30, Tylose CBS 70, Tylose CR, Tylose CR 50, Tylose DKL, Unisol RH, Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt, Orabase, Cellulose carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt, Cethylose, Cel-O-Brandt, Glykocellon, Carbose D, Xylo-Mucine, Tylose MGA, Cellolax, Polycell, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE, 9004-32-4, sodium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;acetate, UNII-NTZ4DNW8J6, UNII-6QM647NAYU, UNII-WR51BRI81M, UNII-7F32ERV10S, Carboxymethylcelulose, sodium salt, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium (USP), Carboxymethylcellulose sodium [USP], Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; (Dowex 11), CMC powder, Celluvisc (TN), Carmellose sodium (JP17), CHEMBL242021, C.M.C. (TN), CHEBI:31357, E466, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (MW 250000), D01544, Acétate de sodium - hexose (1:1:1) [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Natriumacetat -hexose (1:1:1) [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Sodium acetate - hexose (1:1:1) [ACD/IUPAC Name], [9004-32-4] [RN], 9004-32-4 [RN], C.M.C. [Trade name], CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE, SODIUM SALT, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium [USP], Carmellose sodium [JP15], Celluvisc [Trade name], cmc, MFCD00081472

E 466 or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
E 466 is often used as its sodium salt, E 466.
E 466 used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.

E 466 is an anionic water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose by etherification, substituting the hydroxyl groups with carboxymethyl groups on the cellulose chain.

E 466 is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
E 466 is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
E 466 is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.

E 466, the most widely used water-based biopolymer binder in the laboratory at present, is a linear derivative of cellulose substituted by β–linked glucopyranose residues and carboxymethyl groups.

E 466 is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic cellulose ether in which some of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose molecule have been replaced with a carboxy group.
E 466, also referred to as cellulose gum, is an efficient thickener and binder for water based applications including adhesives, coatings, inks, gel packs, drilling mud and battery electrodes.

E 466 is the sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous agent, paste and barrier agent.

E 466 is a cellulose derivative that consists of the cellulose backbone made up of glucopyranose monomers and their hydroxyl groups bound to carboxymethyl groups.
E 466 is added in food products as a viscosity modifier or thickener and emulsifier.
E 466 is also one of the most common viscous polymers used in artificial tears, and has shown to be effective in the treatment of aqueous tear-deficient dry eye symptoms and ocular surface staining.

The viscous and mucoadhesive properties as well as E 466 anionic charge allow prolonged retention time in the ocular surface.
E 466 is the most commonly used salt.

E 466 is one of the important modified cellulose, a water-soluble cellulose, which is widely used in many application of food, pharmaceuticals, detergent, paper coating, dispersing agent, and others.
E 466 addition possibly increases the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation features of Magnesium.

E 466 is a thickening agent that is made by reacting cellulose (wood pulp, cotton lint) with a derivative of acetic acid (the acid in vinegar).
E 466 is also called cellulose gum.

E 466 has long been considered safe, but a 2015 study funded by the National Institutes of Health raised some doubts.
E 466 found that both E 466 and another emulsifier (polysorbate 80) affected gut bacteria and triggered inflam­matory bowel disease symptoms and other changes in the gut, as well as obesity and a set of obesity-related disease risk factors known as metabolic syndrome.

In mice that were predisposed to colitis, the emulsifiers promoted the disease.
E 466 is possible that polysorbates, E 466, and other emulsifiers act like detergents to disrupt the mucous layer that lines the gut, and that the results of the study may apply to other emulsifiers as well.
Research is needed to determine long-term effects of these and other emulsifiers at levels that people consume.

E 466 is not absorbed or digested, so the FDA allows E 466 to be included with “dietary fiber” on food labels.
E 466 isn’t as healthful as fiber that comes from natural foods.

E 466 is an anionic water-soluble polymer based on renewable cellulosic raw material.
E 466 functions as a rheology modifier, binder, dispersant, and an excellent film former.
These attributes make E 466 a preferred choice as a bio-based hydrocolloid in multiple applications.

E 466 or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
E 466, Sodium Salt is the most often used form of cellulose gum.

E 466 is used in a variety of industries as a thickener and/or to prepare stable emulsions in both food and non-food products.
Insoluble microgranular E 466 is used as a cation-exchange resin in ion-exchange chromatography for purification of proteins.
E 466 has also been used extensively to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases (part of the cellulase complex).

E 466 can be used to stabilize palladized iron nanoparticles, which can further be utilized in the dichlorination of contaminated subsurfaces.
E 466 may also be used as a polymeric matrix to form a composite with a crystalline nanofibril for the development of sustainable bio-based polymers.
E 466 can also bind with a hard carbon electrode for the fabrication of sodium ion-batteries.

E 466 is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
E 466 is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
E 466 is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.

E 466 is an anionic polymer with a clarified solution dissolved in cold or hot water.
E 466 functions as a thickening rheology modifier, moisture retention agent, texture/body building agent, suspension agent, and binding agent in personal products and toothpaste.

Adding E 466 into toothpaste has obvious effects in binding and body structure.
Due to E 466's good uniform substitution ability, excellent salt tolerance and acid resistance, the toothpaste can be easily extruded and show better appearance, and impart a smooth and comfortable toothfeel.

E 466, sodium appears as white, fibrous, free-flowing powder, and is used commonly as an FDA-approved disintegrant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Disintegrants facilitate the breakup of a tablet in the intestinal tract after oral administration.
Without a disintegrant, tablets may not dissolve appropriately and may effect the amount of active ingredient absorbed, thereby decreasing effectiveness.

According to the FDA Select Committee on GRAS food Substances, E 466 is virtually unabsorbed.
E 466 is generally regarded as safe when used in normal quantities.

E 466 is the sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of cellulose obtained from plant material.
In essence, E 466 is a chemically modified cellulose that has a carboxymethyl ether group (-O-CH2-COO-) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.

E 466 is available in different degrees of substitution, generally in the range 0.6 – 0.95 derivatives per monomer unit, and molecular weights.
Commercial grades of E 466 are supplied as white to almost white, odourless, tasteless, granular powders.

E 466 is a derivative of cellulose, in which part of the hydroxyl is linked to a carboxymethyl group (–CH2–COOH) as ether.
E 466s are not soluble in water in an acidic form, but they dissolve well in basic solvents.

They are used, e.g., to monitor filtration or to increase the viscosity of drilling fluids.
E 466 is available in different viscosity grades and purity levels.

E 466 is able to form solid gels.
E 466 also strengthens the effect of emulsifiers and prevents undesirable substantive lumps.

As E 466 forms robust, smooth films, E 466 is also used as a coating agent.
E 466 is the only cellulose derivative that can also form and stabilize foams.

E 466 is derived from natural cellulose, or plant fibre.
In E 466 dry form, it’s an odourless and flavourless white, grey or yellow powder that dissolves in water.
When used in cosmetics, E 466 stops lotions and creams from separating and controls the thickness and texture of liquids, creams and gels.

E 466 (technically, Carboxymethylcelluloses) is a family of chemically modified cellulose derivatives containing the carboxymethyl ether group (-O-CH2-COO-) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
When E 466 is recovered and presented as the Sodium salt, the resulting polymer is what is known as E 466, and has the general chemical formula, [C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)y]n.

E 466 was discovered shortly after Word War 1 and has been produced commercially since the early 1930s.
E 466 is produced by treating cellulose with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution followed by monochloroacetic acid or E 466 sodium salt.

In a parallel reaction two by-products, sodium chloride and sodium glycolate, are produced.
Once these by-products are removed, high purity E 466 is obtained.

As a general rule, the obtained material has a slight excess of sodium hydroxide and has to be neutralised.
The neutralisation endpoint can affect the properties of E 466.
In the final step, E 466 is dried, milled to the desired particle size, and packaged.

Food and pharmaceutical grade E 466 is required by law to contain not less than 99.5% pure E 466 and a maximum of 0.5% of residual salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).
The degree of substitution (DS) can vary between 0.2-1.5, although E 466 is generally in the range of 0.6-0.95.

The DS determines the behaviour of E 466 in water: Grades with DS >0.6 form colloidal solutions in water that are transparent and clear, i.e the higher the content of carboxymethyl groups, the higher the solubility and smoother the solutions obtained.
E 466 with a DS below 0.6 tends to be only partially soluble.

E 466 is available as a white to almost white, odourless, tasteless, granular powder.

E 466 is the sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of 13 cellulose.
E 466 contains not less than 6.0 percent and not more than 12.0 percent of 14 sodium (Na) on the dried basis, corresponding to 0.53 -1.45 degree of 15 substitution.

Applications of E 466:
E 466 (CMC, methyl cellulose, Methylcellulose) is a modified cellulose gum (Thickener is E461).
E 466 tends to give clear, slightly gummy, solutions.

They are generally soluble in cold water and insoluble in hot.
E 466 is used to thicken dry mix beverage, syrups, ripples and ice cream, and also to stabilise ice cream, batters and sour milk.
E 466 gives moisture retention to cake mixes and water binding and thickening to icings.

E 466 can be used as a binder in the preparation of graphene nano-platelet based inks for the fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
E 466 can also be used as a viscosity enhancer in the development of tyrosinase based inks for the formation of electrodes for biosensor applications.
E 466 is used as a support material for a variety of cathodes and anodes for microbial fuel cells.

E 466 is used as a highly effective additive to improve E 466 and processing properties in various fields of application - from foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to products for the paper and textile industries.

Building material additives, printing inks, coatings, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, paper or textiles – there’s a long and growing list of applications.
Special-purpose cellulose derivatives produced by Wolff Cellulosics provide invisible yet indispensable benefits in countless everyday products.

Fields of Application:
Our cellulosic products perform all kinds of different functions in the various fields of application. 

Their capabilities include:
Water retention
Gelling
Emulsifying
Suspending
Absorbing
Stabilising
Bonding
Forming films

E 466 is also used in numerous medical applications.

Some examples include:
Device for epistaxis (nose bleeding).
A poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) balloon is covered by E 466 knitted fabric reinforced by nylon.

The device is soaked in water to form a gel, which is inserted into the nose of the balloon and inflated.
The combination of the inflated balloon and the therapeutic effect of the E 466 stops the bleeding.

Fabric used as a dressing following ear nose and throat surgical procedures.

Water is added to form a gel, and this gel is inserted into the sinus cavity following surgery.
In ophthalmology, E 466 is used as a lubricating agent in artificial tears solutions for the treatment of dry eyes.

In veterinary medicine, E 466 is used in abdominal surgeries in large animals, particularly horses, to prevent the formation of bowel adhesions.

Research applications:
Insoluble E 466 (water-insoluble) can be used in the purification of proteins, particularly in the form of charged filtration membranes or as granules in cation-exchange resins for ion-exchange chromatography.
E 466 low solubility is a result of a lower DS value (the number of carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose chain) compared to soluble E 466.

Insoluble E 466 offers physical properties similar to insoluble cellulose, while the negatively charged carboxylate groups allow E 466 to bind to positively charged proteins.
Insoluble E 466 can also be chemically cross-linked to enhance the mechanical strength of E 466.

Moreover, E 466 has been used extensively to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases (part of the cellulase complex); E 466 is a highly specific substrate for endo-acting cellulases, as E 466 structure has been engineered to decrystallize cellulose and create amorphous sites that are ideal for endoglucanase action.
E 466 is desirable because the catalysis product (glucose) is easily measured using a reducing sugar assay, such as 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid.

Using E 466 in enzyme assays is especially important in screening for cellulase enzymes that are needed for more efficient cellulosic ethanol conversion.
E 466 was misused in early work with cellulase enzymes, as many had associated whole cellulase activity with E 466 hydrolysis.
As the mechanism of cellulose depolymerization became better understood, E 466 became clear that exo-cellulases are dominant in the degradation of crystalline (e.g. Avicel) and not soluble (e.g. E 466) cellulose.

In food applications:
E 466 is used as a stabiliser, thickener, film former, suspending agent and extender.
Applications include ice cream, dressings, pies, sauces, and puddings.
E 466 is available in various viscosities depending on the function E 466 is to serve.

In non food applications:
E 466 is sold under a variety of trade names and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in various cosmetic products, and also as a treatment of constipation.
Like cellulose, E 466 is not digestible, not toxic, and not allergenic.
Some practitioners are using this for weight loss.

Treatment of constipation:
When eaten, methylcellulose is not absorbed by the intestines but passes through the digestive tract undisturbed.
E 466 attracts large amounts of water into the colon, producing a softer and bulkier stool.

E 466 is used to treat constipation, diverticulosis, hemorrhoids and irritable bowel syndrome.
E 466 should be taken with sufficient amounts of fluid to prevent dehydration.
Because E 466 absorbs water and potentially toxic materials and increases viscosity, E 466 can also be used to treat diarrhea.

Lubricant:
Methylcellulose is used as a variable viscosity personal lubricant; E 466 is the main ingredient in K-Y Jelly.

Artificial tears and saliva:
Solutions containing methylcellulose or similar cellulose derivatives are used as substitute for tears or saliva if the natural production of these fluids is disturbed.

Paper and textile sizing:
Methylcellulose is used as sizing in the production of papers and textiles.
E 466 protects the fibers from absorbing water or oil.

Special effects:
The slimy, gooey appearance of an appropriate preparation of methylcellulose with water, in addition to E 466 non-toxic, non-allergenic, and edible properties, makes E 466 popular for use in special effects for motion pictures and television wherever vile slimes must be simulated. 
In the film Ghostbusters, for example, the gooey substance that supernatural entities used to “slime” the Ghostbusters was mostly a thick water solution of methylcellulose.

E 466 is also often used in the pornographic industry to simulate semen in large quantity, in order to shoot movies related to bukkake fetish.
E 466 is preferable to food-based fake semen (e.g., condensed milk) because this last solution can often cause problems, especially when the ingredient used contains sugar.
Sugar is thought to encourage yeast infection when E 466 is injected in the vagina.

Applications in Pharmaceutical Formulations or Technology:
E 466 (technically, Carboxymethylcelluloses) is a family of chemically modified cellulose derivatives containing the carboxymethyl ether group (-O-CH2-COO-) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
When E 466 is recovered and presented as the Sodium salt, the resulting polymer is what is known as E 466, and has the general chemical formula, [C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)y]n.

E 466 was discovered shortly after Word War 1 and has been produced commercially since the early 1930s.
E 466 is produced by treating cellulose with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution followed by monochloroacetic acid or E 466 sodium salt.

In a parallel reaction two by-products, sodium chloride and sodium glycolate, are produced.
Once these by-products are removed, high purity Sodium E 466 is obtained.

As a general rule, the obtained material has a slight excess of sodium hydroxide and has to be neutralised.
The neutralisation endpoint can affect the properties of E 466.
In the final step, E 466 is dried, milled to the desired particle size, and packaged.

Food and pharmaceutical grade E 466 is required by law to contain not less than 99.5% pure E 466 and a maximum of 0.5% of residual salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).
The degree of substitution (DS) can vary between 0.2-1.5, although E 466 is generally in the range of 0.6-0.95.

The DS determines the behaviour of E 466 in water: Grades with DS >0.6 form colloidal solutions in water that are transparent and clear, i.e the higher the content of carboxymethyl groups, the higher the solubility and smoother the solutions obtained.
E 466 with a DS below 0.6 tends to be only partially soluble.

E 466 is available as a white to almost white, odourless, tasteless, granular powder.

Uses of E 466:
E 466 is used in drilling muds, detergents, resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, and textile sizes.
E 466 is also used as a protective colloid, a stabilizer for foods, and a pharmaceutical additive.

E 466 is used as a bulk laxative, emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and stabilizer for reagents.
E 466 is formerly registered in the US for use as an insecticide for ornamental and flowering plants.

E 466 is permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.
E 466 is used as an anticaking agent, drying agent, emulsifier, formulation aid, humectant, stabilizer or thickener, and texturizer in foods.

Introduction:
E 466 is used in a variety of applications ranging from food production to medical treatments.
E 466 is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products, both food and non-food.

E 466 is used primarily because E 466 has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic, as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter.
Non-food products include products such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, various paper products, filtration materials, synthetic membranes, wound healing applications, and also in leather crafting to help burnish edges.

Food science:
E 466 is used in food under the E number E466 or E469 (when E 466 is enzymatically hydrolyzed), as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products, including ice cream.
E 466 is also used extensively in gluten-free and reduced-fat food products.

E 466 is used to achieve tartrate or cold stability in wine, an innovation that may save megawatts of electricity used to chill wine in warm climates.
E 466 is more stable than metatartaric acid and is very effective in inhibiting tartrate precipitation.
E 466 is reported that KHT crystals, in presence of E 466, grow slower and change their morphology.

Their shape becomes flatter because they lose 2 of the 7 faces, changing their dimensions.
E 466 molecules, negatively charged at wine pH, interact with the electropositive surface of the crystals, where potassium ions are accumulated.
The slower growth of the crystals and the modification of their shape are caused by the competition between E 466 molecules and bitartrate ions for binding to the KHT crystals.

Specific culinary uses:
E 466 powder is widely used in the ice cream industry, to make ice creams without churning or extremely low temperatures, thereby eliminating the need for conventional churners or salt ice mixes.
E 466 is used in baking breads and cakes.
The use of E 466 gives the loaf an improved quality at a reduced cost, by reducing the need of fat.

E 466 is also used as an emulsifier in biscuits.
By dispersing fat uniformly in the dough, E 466 improves the release of the dough from the moulds and cutters, achieving well-shaped biscuits without any distorted edges.
E 466 can also help to reduce the amount of egg yolk or fat used in making the biscuits.

Use of E 466 in candy preparation ensures smooth dispersion in flavor oils, and improves texture and quality.
E 466 is used in chewing gums, margarines and peanut butter as an emulsifier.

Other uses:
In laundry detergents, E 466 is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics, creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution.
E 466 is also used as a thickening agent, for example, in the oil-drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where E 466acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent.

E 466 is sometimes used as an electrode binder in advanced battery applications (i.e. lithium ion batteries), especially with graphite anodes.
E 466's water solubility allows for less toxic and costly processing than with non-water-soluble binders, like the traditional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which requires toxic n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) for processing.
E 466 is often used in conjunction with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) for electrodes requiring extra flexibility, e.g. for use with silicon-containing anodes.

E 466 is also used in ice packs to form a eutectic mixture resulting in a lower freezing point, and therefore more cooling capacity than ice.

Aqueous solutions of E 466 have also been used to disperse carbon nanotubes, where the long E 466 molecules are thought to wrap around the nanotubes, allowing them to be dispersed in water.

In conservation-restoration, E 466is used as an adhesive or fixative (commercial name Walocel, Klucel).

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Petroleum Production and Refining
Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing)
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Farming (Pesticides)

Adverse reactions of E 466:
Effects on inflammation, microbiota-related metabolic syndrome, and colitis are a subject of research.
E 466 is suggested as a possible cause of inflammation of the gut, through alteration of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, and has been suggested as a triggering factor in inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

While thought to be uncommon, case reports of severe reactions to E 466 exist.
Skin testing is believed to be a useful diagnostic tool for this purpose.
E 466 was the active ingredient in an eye drop brand Ezricare Artificial Tears which was recalled due to potential bacterial contamination.

Preparation of E 466:
E 466 is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.
The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive.
Fabrics made of cellulose—e.g. cotton or viscose rayon—may also be converted into E 466.

Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% E 466 and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).
E 466 is the so-called technical E 466, which is used in detergents.

An additional purification process is used to remove salts to produce pure E 466, which is used for alimentary and pharmaceutical applications.
An intermediate "semi-purified" grade is also produced, typically used in paper applications such as the restoration of archival documents.

Structure and properties of E 466:
The functional properties of E 466 depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure [i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have been converted to carboxymethylene(oxy) groups in the substitution reaction], as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents.

Structure:
E 466 is typical ionic-type cellulose ether and the frequently used product is E 466 sodium salt, as well as ammonium and aluminum salts.
Sometimes, E 466 acids can be produced.

When degree of substitution (that is, the average value of hydroxyl groups reacted with the substitution of each anhydrous glucose monomer) is 1, E 466 molecular formula is [C6H7O2 (OH) 2OCH2COONa] n.
With drying at the temperature of 105℃ and constant weight, the content of sodium is 6.98-8.5%.

Appearance and Solubility:
The pure E 466 is white or milk white fibrous powder or particles, odorless and tasteless.
E 466is insoluble in organic solvents such as methanol, alcohol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform and benzene but soluble in water.
Degree of substitution is an important factor influencing water solubility and the viscosity of E 466 also has a great effect on the water solubility.

In general when the viscosity is within 25-50Pa•s and the degree of substitution is about 0.3, E 466shows alkaline solubility and while the degree of substitution is over 0.4, E 466shows water solubility.
With the rise of DS, the transparency of solution improves accordingly.
In addition, the replacement homogeneity also has an great effect on the solubility.

Hygroscopicity:
E 466 equilibrium water content will increase with the rise of air humidity but decrease with the rise of temperature.
At room temperature and average humidity of 80-85%, the equilibrium water content is more than 26% but moisture content in E 466s is lower than 10%, lower than the former.
As far as E 466 shape is concerned, even if the water content is about 15%, there seems no difference in appearance.

However, when the moisture content reaches above 20%, inter-particle mutual adhesion can be perceived and the higher the viscosity is, the more evident E 466will become.
For these polarized high-molecular compounds like E 466, the hygroscopic degree is not only affected by the relative humidity but also by the number of polarity.

The higher the degree os substitution is, that is, the larger the number of polarity, the stronger the hygroscopicity will be.
Moreover, crystallinity also affects E 466and the higher the crystallinity is, the smaller the hygroscopic will be.

Compatibility:
E 466 has good compatibility with other kinds of water-soluble glues, softeners and resin.
For example, E 466is compatible with animal glues, dimethoxy dimethylurea gel, Arabic gum, pectin, tragacanth gum, ethylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol, invert sugar, soluble starch and sodium alginate.

E 466is also compatible with casein, E 466 of melamine- formaldehyde resin and ethylene glycol, urea formaldehyde ethylene glycol resin, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), phosphate nitrilotriacetic acid, and sodium silicate but the degree is slightly poorer.
1% E 466 solution is compatible with most inorganic salts.

Dissociation Constant:
In the giant polymer matrix of E 466, there are plenty of electrolyzing groups (carboxymethyl groups).
The acidity is similar to that of acetic acid and the dissociation constant is 5×10-5.
The dissociation strength has an considerable effect on the electrical properties of E 466.

Biochemical Properties:
Although E 466 solution is difficult to get rotten than natural gums, under certain conditions, some microbes enable E 466to get rotten, especially with cellulose and taka-amylase reactions, leading to the decrease of solution viscosity.
The higher the DS of E 466 is, the less E 466will be affected by enzymes and this is because the side chain linked with glucose residues prevents enzymolysis.

Since the enzyme action leads to the breakage of E 466 main chain and generates reducing sugar, in this way the degree of polymerization will decrease and the solution viscosity will accordingly decrease.
The digestive enzymes within human body can have no decomposition on E 466 and E 466 has no decomposition in acid or alkaline digestive juice.

Handling and storage of E 466:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Stability and reactivity of E 466:

Reactivity:
The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures: in correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
E 466 is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
strong oxidising agents

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Incompatible materials:
No data available

First aid measures of E 466:

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures of E 466:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For E 466 no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from E 466 or mixture:
Nature of decomposition products not known.
Combustible.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures of E 466:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of E 466:
CAS Number: 9004-32-4
ChEBI: CHEBI:85146
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1909054
ChemSpider: none
ECHA InfoCard: 100.120.377
E number: E466 (thickeners, ...)
UNII: 05JZI7B19X
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7040441

EC / List no.: 618-378-6
CAS no.: 9004-32-4

Synonym(s): Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt
CAS Number: 9004-32-4
MDL number: MFCD00081472
NACRES: NA.23

ChEBI: CHEBI:85146
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1909054
ChemSpider: none
ECHA InfoCard: 100.120.377
E number: E466 (thickeners, ...)
UNII: 05JZI7B19X
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7040441 
Chemical formula: C8H15NaO8
Molar mass: variable
SMILES: CC(=O)[O-].C(C(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O)O.[Na+]
InChI Key: QMGYPNKICQJHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H12O6.C2H4O2.Na/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8;1-2(3)4;/h1,3-6,8-12H,2H2;1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+1/p-1

Product Number: C0603
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: [C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)y]__n
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Condition to Avoid: Hygroscopic
CAS RN: 9004-32-4
Merck Index (14): 1829
MDL Number: MFCD00081472

Physical state at 20 °C: Solid: 
Colour: Almost white powder: 
Odour: Odorless
pH value: 6.5 - 8.5
Density [g/cm3]: 1.59: 
Solubility in water [% weight]: Soluble in water

Physical State: Solid
Solubility: Soluble in water (20 mg/ml).
Storage: Store at room temperature

Properties of E 466:
form: powder
Quality Level: 200
autoignition temp.: 698 °F
mol wt: average Mw ~700,000
extent of labeling: 0.9 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit
mp: 270 °C (dec.)
InChI: 1S/C6H12O6.C2H4O2.Na/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8;1-2(3)4;/h1,3-6,8-12H,2H2;1H3,(H,3,4);
InChI key: DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

logP: -3.6: 
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 11.8
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 6
Hydrogen Donor Count: 5
Polar Surface Area: 118.22 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Refractivity: 37.35 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 16.07 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

Appearance: Off white to cream colored powder
Assay (as Na; HClO4 titration, on anhydrous basis): 6.5 - 9.5%
Identity: Passes test
pH (1% solution): 6.5 - 8.0
Viscosity (1% solution; 20°C on dried basis): 250 - 350 cps
Appearance of solution: Passes test
Insoluble matter in water: Passes test
Loss on drying (at 105°C): Max 10%
Sulphated Ash (as SO4; on dried basis): 20 - 29.3%
Chloride (Cl): Max 0.25%
Sodium glycolate: Max 0.4%
Heavy metal (as Pb): Max 0.002%
Arsenic (As): Max 0.0003%
Iron (Fe): Max 0.02%

Condition to Avoid: Hygroscopic
Content(Na,Drying substance): 6.0 to 8.5 %
Drying loss: max. 10.0 %
Etherification value( as Drying substance): 0.5 to 0.8
Merck Index (14): 1829
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
PubChem Substance ID: 87565248
RTECS#: FJ5950000
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Viscosity: 500.0 to 900.0 mPa-s(2 %, H2O, 25 deg-C)

Molecular Weight: 262.19 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 262.06646171 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 262.06646171 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 158Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 17
Complexity: 173
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of E 466:
Appearance: White to Light yellow to Light orange powder to crystal
Content(Na,Drying substance): 6.0 to 8.5 %
Etherification value( as Drying substance): 0.5 to 0.8
Drying loss: max. 10.0 %
Viscosity: 900 to 1400 mPa-s(1 %, H2O, 25 deg-C)
FooDB Name: Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt

Names of E 466:

Regulatory process name:
Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt

IUPAC names:
2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal acetic acid sodium hydride
acetic acid; 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal; sodium
Carboximethilcelullose
Carboxymethyl cellulose
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium
Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt
Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt
Carboxymethylcellulose
carboxymethylcellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt
Cellulose carboxymethyl ether sodium salt
Cellulose Gum
Cellulose gum
Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt
Na carboxymethyl cellulose
sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
sodium cellulose carboxymethyl ether

Trade name:
Carboximetilcelulosa

Other names:
Carboxy methyl cellulose sodium
Carboxymethyl cellulose
carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt
carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salts
Carboxymethyl ether cellulose sodium salt
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Salt
Carboxymethylcellulose, sodium salt
cellulose carboxymethyl ether sodium salt
Cellulose, Carboxymethyl ether, Sodiu
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose
carmellose
E466

Other identifier:
9004-32-4
 

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