ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA)

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N(CH2CO2H)2]2.
This white, water-insoluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH.
It is thus used to dissolve Fe- and Ca-containing scale as well as to deliver iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is available as several salts, notably disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), but these all function similarly.

CAS Number: 60-00-4
EC Number: 200-449-4
IUPAC Name: N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine]
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O8

Other names: EDTA, Edetic acid, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 60-00-4, Edathamil, Sequestrol, Versene, Havidote, Titriplex, EDTA acid, Versene acid, Endrate, Cheelox, Gluma cleanser, Sequestrene aa, Sequestric acid, Warkeelate acid, Komplexon ii, Tetrine acid, Quastal Special, Metaquest A, Trilon bw, Titriplex II, Hamp-ene acid, Cheelox BF acid, Trilon BS, Celon A, Celon ATH, Chelest 3A, Questex 4H, (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, Chemcolox 340, Universne acid, Dissolvine E, Vinkeil 100, Nullapon B acid, Nullapon bf acid, Nervanaid B acid, Perma kleer 50 acid, Clewat TAA, Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, Acide edetique, Acido edetico, Acidum edeticum, Caswell No. 438, Versenate, ICRF 185, Calcium disodium versenate, Ethylenebisiminodiacetic acid, Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, SEQ 100, YD 30, Disodium EDTA, CCRIS 946, Chelaton 3, Ethylenebis(iminodiacetic acid), HSDB 809, Acide ethylenediaminetetracetique, ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID, Cheladrate, Edetate calcium, Edetate disodium, Acetic acid, (ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 039101, Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, Kyselina ethylendiamintetraoctova, Tricon bw, Acid, Edetic, AI3-17181, H4edta, 3,6-Diazaoctanedioic acid, 3,6-bis(carboxymethyl)-, Glycine, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)-, 470462-56-7, EINECS 200-449-4, UNII-9G34HU7RV0, Edetate, BRN 1716295, Edta disodium, Versene-13C4, 9G34HU7RV0, Disodium edetate, Disodium versene, Endrate disodim, Sodium versenate, Edetic acid disodium salt, Acetic acid, 2,2',2'',2'''-(1,2-ethanediyldinitrilo)tetrakis-, Disodium edetate dihydrate, DTXSID6022977, Metaquest B, N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine), CHEBI:42191, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, Kiresuto B, Chelaplex III, Diso-Tate, Titriplex III, 2-[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetic acid, Chelaton III, Glycine, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(N-(carboxymethyl)-, N,N'-1,2-Ethane diylbis-(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine), Versene NA, Triplex III, Disodium versenate, Edathamil disodium, Trilon BD, Versene Na2, Disodium sequestrene, Disodium tetracemate, EDTA disodium salt, MFCD00003541, EDTA, ion(4-), CHEMBL858, Sequestrene sodium 2, 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanetriyl))tetraacetic acid, 2-({2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}(carboxymethyl)amino)acetic acid, {[-(BIS-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO)-ETHYL]-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO}-ACETIC ACID, Disodium salt of EDTA, ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, DTXCID902977, Perma Kleer Di Crystals, (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, ion(4-), Calcium disodium versenate (TN), ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid, 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, EC 200-449-4, 4-04-00-02449 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), EDT, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, Edetate calcium disodium (USP), Sequestrene Na2, Trilon B, Selekton B2, Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, (ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, EDETIC ACID (II), EDETIC ACID [II], Perma kleer 50 crystals disodium salt, Disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate, Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, CaEDTA, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine], CBC 50152966, DR-16133, Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, disodium salt, EDETIC ACID (USP-RS), EDETIC ACID [USP-RS], ANTICOAGULANT ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID, Disodium diacid ethylenediaminetetraacetate, D'E.d.t.a. disodique, Disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate, Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt, ANTICOAGULANT ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA), Disodium ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate, EDETIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH), EDETIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], Disodium dihydrogen(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate, 139-33-3, C10H16N2O8, NSC2760, NCGC00159485-02, 6381-92-6, disodium-edta, Edetic, Edetic acid [INN:BAN:NF], ((-(bis-carboxymethyl-amino)-ethyl)-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetic acid, (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, disodium salt, Versenic Acid, Acid, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic, ([2-(Bis-carboxymethyl-amino)-ethyl]-carboxymethyl-amino)-acetic acid, {[2-(Bis-carboxymethyl-amino)-ethyl]-carboxymethyl-amino}-acetic acid, 2-([2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl](carboxymethyl)amino)acetic acid, Calcium Disodium Edetate (JAN), ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, Techrun DO, Acid, Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic, EDTA, anhydrous, Zonon AO, EDTA, free acid, EDTA, free base, ACETIC ACID, (ETHYLENEDINITRILO)TETRA-, DISODIUM SALT, Versene acid (TN), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta), Caswell No 438, Glycine, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(N-(carboxymethyl))-, Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), Acroma DH 700, Spectrum_001018, Spectrum2_000003, Spectrum3_000412, Spectrum4_000531, Spectrum5_000955, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, BSPBio_001964, Diaminoethanetetra-acetic acid, KBioGR_001161, KBioSS_001498, ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid, MLS001249457, BIDD:ER0565, DivK1c_000777, EDETIC ACID [WHO-DD], SPBio_000005, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, CHEBI:4735, KBio1_000777, KBio2_001498, KBio2_004066, KBio2_006634, KBio3_001184, (Ethylenedintrilo)tetraacetic acid, ethylen-ediamine tetra-acetic acid, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, NINDS_000777, (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid, CS-B1827, HY-Y0682, STR08855, Tox21_202736, BDBM50330325, HB5135, s6350, AKOS001574475, Glycine, (N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(N-(carboxymethyl)-, labeled with carbon-14, (ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate, DB00974, CAS-60-00-4, IDI1_000777, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 039101, ETHYLENE BIS (IMINODIACETIC ACID), NCGC00159485-03, NCGC00159485-04, NCGC00260284-01

Uses
Textiles and paper
In industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is mainly used to sequester (bind or confine) metal ions in aqueous solution.
In the textile industry, it prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colours of dyed products.
In the pulp and paper industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) inhibits the ability of metal ions, especially Mn2+, from catalysing the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is used in chlorine-free bleaching.

Food
In a similar manner, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is added to some food as a preservative or stabiliser to prevent catalytic oxidative decolouration, which is catalysed by metal ions.

Water softener
The reduction of water hardness in laundry applications and the dissolution of scale in boilers both rely on Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and related complexants to bind Ca2+, Mg2+, as well as other metal ions.
Once bound to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), these metal complexes are less likely to form precipitates or to interfere with the action of the soaps and detergents.
For similar reasons, cleaning solutions often contain Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
In a similar manner Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the cement industry for the determination of free lime and free magnesia in cement and clinkers.

The solubilisation of Fe3+ ions at or below near neutral pH can be accomplished using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA). This property is useful in agriculture including hydroponics. However, given the pH dependence of ligand formation, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is not helpful for improving iron solubility in above neutral soils.
Otherwise, at near-neutral pH and above, iron(III) forms insoluble salts, which are less bioavailable to susceptible plant species.

Scrubbing
Aqueous [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− is used for removing ("scrubbing") hydrogen sulfide from gas streams.
This conversion is achieved by oxidising the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, which is non-volatile:
2 [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− + H2S → 2 [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]2− + S + 2 H+

In this application, the iron(III) centre is reduced to its iron(II) derivative, which can then be reoxidised by air. In similar manner, nitrogen oxides are removed from gas streams using [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]2−.

The oxidising properties of [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− are also exploited in photography, where it is used to solubilise silver particles.

Ion-exchange chromatography
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used in separation of the lanthanide metals by ion-exchange chromatography. Perfected by F. H. Spedding et al. in 1954, the method relies on the steady increase in stability constant of the lanthanide Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes with atomic number.
Using sulfonated polystyrene beads and Cu2+ as a retaining ion, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) causes the lanthanides to migrate down the column of resin while separating into bands of pure lanthanides.

The lanthanides elute in order of decreasing atomic number.
Due to the expense of this method, relative to countercurrent solvent extraction, ion exchange is now used only to obtain the highest purities of lanthanides (typically greater than 99.99%).

Medicine
Sodium calcium edetate, an Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) derivative, is used to bind metal ions in the practice of chelation therapy, such as for treating mercury and lead poisoning.
It is used in a similar manner to remove excess iron from the body.
This therapy is used to treat the complication of repeated blood transfusions, as would be applied to treat thalassaemia.

Dentistry
Dentists and endodontists use Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) solutions to remove inorganic debris (smear layer) and lubricate the root canals in endodontics.
This procedure helps prepare root canals for obturation.
Furthermore, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) solutions with the addition of a surfactant loosen up calcifications inside a root canal and allow instrumentation (canal shaping) and facilitate apical advancement of a file in a tight or calcified root canal towards the apex.

Eyedrops
It serves as a preservative (usually to enhance the action of another preservative such as benzalkonium chloride or thiomersal) in ocular preparations and eyedrops.

Analysis
In medical diagnosis and organ function tests (here, kidney function test), the chromium(III) complex [Cr(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− (as radioactive chromium-51 (51Cr)) is administered intravenously and its filtration into the urine is monitored.
This method is useful for evaluating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in nuclear medicine.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used extensively in the analysis of blood. It is an anticoagulant for blood samples for CBC/FBCs, where the Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) chelates the calcium present in the blood specimen, arresting the coagulation process and preserving blood cell morphology.
Tubes containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are marked with lavender (purple) or pink tops.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also in tan top tubes for lead testing and can be used in royal blue top tubes for trace metal testing.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a slime dispersant, and has been found to be highly effective in reducing bacterial growth during implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Alternative medicine
Some alternative practitioners believe Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) acts as an antioxidant, preventing free radicals from injuring blood vessel walls, therefore reducing atherosclerosis.
These ideas are unsupported by scientific studies, and seem to contradict some currently accepted principles.
The U.S. FDA has not approved it for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Cosmetics
In shampoos, cleaners, and other personal care products, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) salts are used as a sequestering agent to improve their stability in air.

Laboratory applications
In the laboratory, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is widely used for scavenging metal ions: In biochemistry and molecular biology, ion depletion is commonly used to deactivate metal-dependent enzymes, either as an assay for their reactivity or to suppress damage to DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) also acts as a selective inhibitor against dNTP hydrolyzing enzymes (Taq polymerase, dUTPase, MutT), liver arginase and horseradish peroxidase independently of metal ion chelation.

These findings urge the rethinking of the utilisation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) as a biochemically inactive metal ion scavenger in enzymatic experiments.
In analytical chemistry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in complexometric titrations and analysis of water hardness or as a masking agent to sequester metal ions that would interfere with the analyses.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) finds many specialised uses in the biomedical labs, such as in veterinary ophthalmology as an anticollagenase to prevent the worsening of corneal ulcers in animals. In tissue culture Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used as a chelating agent that binds to calcium and prevents joining of cadherins between cells, preventing clumping of cells grown in liquid suspension, or detaching adherent cells for passaging.
In histopathology, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be used as a decalcifying agent making it possible to cut sections using a microtome once the tissue sample is demineralised.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also known to inhibit a range of metallopeptidases, the method of inhibition occurs via the chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can also be used to test for bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments.
However, it may influence the bioavailability of metals in solution, which may pose concerns regarding its effects in the environment, especially given its widespread uses and applications.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used to remove crud (corroded metals) from fuel rods in nuclear reactors.

Side effects
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) exhibits low acute toxicity with LD50 (rat) of 2.0 g/kg to 2.2 g/kg.
It has been found to be both cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic in laboratory animals. Oral exposures have been noted to cause reproductive and developmental effects.
The same study also found that both dermal exposure to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) in most cosmetic formulations and inhalation exposure to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) in aerosolised cosmetic formulations would produce exposure levels below those seen to be toxic in oral dosing studies.

Synthesis
The compound was first described in 1935 by Ferdinand Münz, who prepared the compound from ethylenediamine and chloroacetic acid.
Today, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is mainly synthesised from ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane), formaldehyde, and sodium cyanide.
This route yields the tetrasodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), which is converted in a subsequent step into the acid forms.

Nomenclature
To describe Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and its various protonated forms, chemists distinguish between Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4−, the conjugate base that is the ligand, and H4Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), the precursor to that ligand.
At very low pH (very acidic conditions) the fully protonated H6Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)2+ form predominates, whereas at very high pH or very basic condition, the fully deprotonated Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− form is prevalent.
In this article, the term Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to mean H4−xEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)x−, whereas in its complexes Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− stands for the tetraanion ligand.

Coordination chemistry principles
In coordination chemistry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− is a member of the aminopolycarboxylic acid family of ligands. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− usually binds to a metal cation through its two amines and four carboxylates, i.e., it is a hexadentate ("six-toothed") chelating agent. Many of the resulting coordination compounds adopt octahedral geometry.
Although of little consequence for its applications, these octahedral complexes are chiral.

The cobalt(III) anion [Co(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− has been resolved into enantiomers.
Many complexes of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− adopt more complex structures due to either the formation of an additional bond to water, i.e. seven-coordinate complexes, or the displacement of one carboxylate arm by water.
The iron(III) complex of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is seven-coordinate.
Early work on the development of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was undertaken by Gerold Schwarzenbach in the 1940s.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) forms especially strong complexes with Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Co(III).

Several features of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)'s complexes are relevant to its applications. First, because of its high denticity, this ligand has a high affinity for metal cations:

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + H4Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) ⇌ [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− + 6 H2O + 4 H+ Keq = 1025.1
Written in this way, the equilibrium quotient shows that metal ions compete with protons for binding to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Because metal ions are extensively enveloped by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), their catalytic properties are often suppressed. Finally, since complexes of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− are anionic, they tend to be highly soluble in water. For this reason, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is able to dissolve deposits of metal oxides and carbonates.
The pKa values of free Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are 0, 1.5, 2, 2.66 (deprotonation of the four carboxyl groups) and 6.16, 10.24 (deprotonation of the two amino groups).

Environmental concerns
Abiotic degradation
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is in such widespread use that questions have been raised whether it is a persistent organic pollutant.
While Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) serves many positive functions in different industrial, pharmaceutical and other avenues, the longevity of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can pose serious issues in the environment.
The degradation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is slow. It mainly occurs abiotically in the presence of sunlight.

The most important process for the elimination of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) from surface waters is direct photolysis at wavelengths below 400 nm.
Depending on the light conditions, the photolysis half-lives of iron(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) in surface waters can range as low as 11.3 minutes up to more than 100 hours.
Degradation of FeEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), but not Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) itself, produces iron complexes of the triacetate (ED3A), diacetate (EDDA), and monoacetate (EDMA) – 92% of EDDA and EDMA biodegrades in 20 hours while ED3A displays significantly higher resistance. Many environmentally-abundant Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) species (such as Mg2+ and Ca2+) are more persistent.

Biodegradation
In many industrial wastewater treatment plants, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) elimination can be achieved at about 80% using microorganisms.
Resulting byproducts are ED3A and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) – suggesting that both the backbone and acetyl groups were attacked.
Some microorganisms have even been discovered to form nitrates out of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), but they function optimally at moderately alkaline conditions of pH 9.0–9.5.

Unlike photolysis, the chelated species is not exclusive to iron(III) in order to be degraded. Rather, each strain uniquely consumes varying metal–Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes through several enzymatic pathways.

Agrobacterium radiobacter only degrades Fe(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) while BNC1 and DSM 9103 are not capable of degrading iron(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and are more suited for calcium, barium, magnesium and manganese(II) complexes.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes require dissociation before degradation.

Alternatives to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
Interest in environmental safety has raised concerns about biodegradability of aminopolycarboxylates such as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
These concerns incentivize the investigation of alternative aminopolycarboxylates.
Candidate chelating agents include nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), iminodisuccinic acid (IDS), polyaspartic acid, S,S-ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS), methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), and L-Glutamic acid N,N-diacetic acid, tetrasodium salt (GLDA).

Iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)
Commercially used since 1998, iminodisuccinic acid (IDS) biodegrades by about 80% after only 7 days.
IDS binds to calcium exceptionally well and forms stable compounds with other heavy metal ions. In addition to having a lower toxicity after chelation, IDS is degraded by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (BY6), which can be harvested on a large scale.
The enzymes involved, IDS epimerase and C−N lyase, do not require any cofactors.

Polyaspartic acid
Polyaspartic acid, like IDS, binds to calcium and other heavy metal ions.
It has many practical applications including corrosion inhibitors, wastewater additives, and agricultural polymers. A Polyaspartic acid-based laundry detergent was the first laundry detergent in the world to receive the EU flower ecolabel.
Calcium binding ability of polyaspartic acid has been exploited for targeting of drug-loaded nanocarriers to bone.

Preparation of hydrogels based on polyaspartic acid, in a variety of physical forms ranging from fiber to particle, can potentially enable facile separation of the chelated ions from a solution.
Therefore, despite being weaker than Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), polyaspartic acid can still be regarded as a viable alternative due to these features as well as biocompatibility, and biodegradability.

S,S-Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS)
A structural isomer of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) is readily biodegradable at high rate in its S,S form.

Methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA)
Trisodium dicarboxymethyl alaninate, also known as methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), has a high rate of biodegradation at over 68%, but unlike many other chelating agents can degrade without the assistance of adapted bacteria. Additionally, unlike EDDS or IDS, MGDA can withstand higher temperatures while maintaining a high stability as well as the entire pH range.
MGDA has been shown to be an effective chelating agent, with a capacity for mobilization comparable with that of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), with application to water for industrial use and for the removal of calcium oxalate from urine from patients with kidney stones.

Methods of detection and analysis
The most sensitive method of detecting and measuring Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) in biological samples is selected reaction monitoring capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (SRM-CE/MS), which has a detection limit of 7.3 ng/mL in human plasma and a quantitation limit of 15 ng/mL.[50] This method works with sample volumes as small as 7–8 nL.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) has also been measured in non-alcoholic beverages using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a level of 2.0 μg/mL.

Molar mass: 292.244 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless crystals
Density: 0.860 g cm−3
XLogP3-AA: -5.9

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 10
Rotatable Bond Count: 11
Exact Mass: 292.09066547 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 292.09066547 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 156Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 20
Complexity: 316

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a colorless crystalline solid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in chemical analysis, to make detergents and cleaning compounds, and for many other uses.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is the acid form of edetate, a chelating agent with anti-hypercalcemic and anticoagulant properties.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) binds calcium and heavy metal ions, forming soluble stable complexes which are readily excreted by the kidneys.
This results in a decrease in serum calcium levels.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used as an anticoagulant for blood specimens and is applied as a treatment of lead poisoning.

Consumer Uses
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, polishes and waxes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), adhesives and sealants, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, non-metal-surface treatment products, photo-chemicals, air care products, metal surface treatment products and textile treatment products and dyes.

Other release to the environment of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).

Article service life
Other release to the environment of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is intended to be released from scented: clothes, eraser, toys, paper products and CDs. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is intended to be released from: packaging material for metal parts (releasing grease/corrosion inhibitors).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following products: fertilisers.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used for the manufacture of: .
Release to the environment of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Formulation
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following products: fertilisers and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Release to the environment of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industry
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the following areas: mining, scientific research and development and health services.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used for the manufacture of: and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used extensively in the analysis of blood.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is an anticoagulant for blood samples for CBC/FBCs, where the Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) chelates the calcium present in the blood specimen, arresting the coagulation process and preserving blood cell morphology.
Tubes containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are marked with lavender or pink tops.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also in tan top tubes for lead testing and can be used in royal blue top tubes for trace metal testing.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N(CH2CO2H)2]2.
This white, water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron and calcium ions.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) binds these ions as a hexadentate ("six-toothed") chelating agent.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is produced as several salts, notably disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be used in combination with the antioxidants bht and propyl gallate.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in margarine, mayonnaise, and spreads to prevent the vegetable oil from going rancid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in canned corn prior to retorting to prevent discoloration caused by trace quantities of copper, iron, and chromium.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) also inhibits copper-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) occurs as disodium calcium and disodium dihydrogen .
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)'s use is approved in specified foods, with an average usage level being in the range of 100–300 ppm.

Uses
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), also known as editic acid, is a colorless crystalline substance widely used to chelate metal ions.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is marketed in its salt forms such as sodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) or calcium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) hasindustrial and medical uses as a chelating agent.
Much of its utility is related to the fact that metals and metal compounds are important catalysts in numerous reactions.
By chelatingmetals, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) prevents the metal from catalyzing reactions, thereby limiting degradation, oxidation,and other undesirable reactions.

The major industries using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and other chelatingagents are paper and pulp, cleaning products, chemicals, agriculture, and water treatment.
In industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is mainly used to sequester metal ions in aqueous solution.
In the textile industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colours of dyed products.

In the pulp and paper industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) inhibits the ability of metal ions, especially Mn2+, from catalysing the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is used in chlorine-free bleaching.
In a similar manner, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is added to some food as a preservative or stabiliser to prevent catalytic oxidative decolouration, which is catalysed by metal ions.
In soft drinks containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) mitigates formation of benzene (a carcinogen).

The reduction of water hardness in laundry applications and the dissolution of scale in boilers both rely on Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and related complexants to bind Ca2+, Mg2+, as well as other metal ions.
Once bound to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), these metal complexes are less likely to form precipitates or to interfere with the action of the soaps and detergents.
For similar reasons, cleaning solutions often contain Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
In a similar manner Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the cement industry for the determination of free lime and free magnesia in cement and clinkers.

The solubilisation of Fe3+ ions at or below near neutral pH can be accomplished using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
This property is useful in agriculture including hydroponics.

However, given the pH dependence of ligand formation, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is not helpful for improving iron solubility in above neutral soils.
Otherwise, at near-neutral pH and above, iron(III) forms insoluble salts, which are less bioavailable to susceptible plant species.
Aqueous [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− is used for removing ("scrubbing") hydrogen sulfide from gas streams.
This conversion is achieved by oxidising the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, which is non-volatile:

2 [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− + H2S → 2 [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]2− + S + 2 H+
In this application, the iron(III) centre is reduced to its iron(II) derivative, which can then be reoxidised by air.
In similar manner, nitrogen oxides are removed from gas streams using [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]2−.
The oxidising properties of [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− are also exploited in photography, where Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to solubilise silver particles.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used in separation of the lanthanide metals by ion-exchange chromatography.
Perfected by F. H. Spedding et al. in 1954, the method relies on the steady increase in stability constant of the lanthanide Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes with atomic number.
Using sulfonated polystyrene beads and Cu2+ as a retaining ion, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) causes the lanthanides to migrate down the column of resin while separating into bands of pure lanthanides.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also known to inhibit a range of metallopeptidases, the method of inhibition occurs via the chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity.

Medicine
Sodium calcium edetate, an Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) derivative, is used to bind metal ions in the practice of chelation therapy, such as for treating mercury and lead poisoning.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in a similar manner to remove excess iron from the body.
This therapy is used to treat the complication of repeated blood transfusions, as would be applied to treat thalassaemia.

Dentists and endodontists use Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) solutions to remove inorganic debris (smear layer) and lubricate the root canals in endodontics.
This procedure helps prepare root canals for obturation.
Furthermore, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) solutions with the addition of a surfactant loosen up calcifications inside a root canal and allow instrumentation (canal shaping) and facilitate apical advancement of a file in a tight or calcified root canal towards the apex.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) serves as a preservative (usually to enhance the action of another preservative such as benzalkonium chloride or thiomersal) in ocular preparations and eyedrops.

In evaluating kidney function, the chromium(III) complex [Cr(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− (as radioactive chromium-51 (51Cr)) is administered intravenously and its filtration into the urine is monitored.
This method is useful for evaluating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in nuclear medicine.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a slime dispersant, and has been found to be highly effective in reducing bacterial growth during implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Cosmetics
In shampoos, cleaners, and other personal care products, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) salts are used as a sequestering agent to improve their stability in air.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) finds many specialised uses in the biomedical labs, such as in veterinary ophthalmology as an anticollagenase to prevent the worsening of corneal ulcers in animals.
In tissue culture Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used as a chelating agent that binds to calcium and prevents joining of cadherins between cells, preventing clumping of cells grown in liquid suspension, or detaching adherent cells for passaging.

In histopathology, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be used as a decalcifying agent making it possible to cut sections using a microtome once the tissue sample is demineralised.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also known to inhibit a range of metallopeptidases, the method of inhibition occurs via the chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can also be used to test for bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments.
However, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) may influence the bioavailability of metals in solution, which may pose concerns regarding its effects in the environment, especially given its widespread uses and applications.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used to remove crud (corroded metals) from fuel rods in nuclear reactors

Coordination chemistry principles
In coordination chemistry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− is a member of the aminopolycarboxylic acid family of ligands.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− usually binds to a metal cation through Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s two amines and four carboxylates.
Many of the resulting coordination compounds adopt octahedral geometry.
Although of little consequence for Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s applications, these octahedral complexes are chiral.
The cobalt(III) anion [Co(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− has been resolved into enantiomers.

Many complexes of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− adopt more complex structures due to either the formation of an additional bond to water, i.e. seven-coordinate complexes, or the displacement of one carboxylate arm by water.
The iron(III) complex of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is seven-coordinate.
Early work on the development of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was undertaken by Gerold Schwarzenbach in the 1940s.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) forms especially strong complexes with Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Co(III).

Several features of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)'s complexes are relevant to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s applications.
First, because of its high denticity, this ligand has a high affinity for metal cations:

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + H4Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) ⇌ [Fe(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA))]− + 6 H2O + 4 H+ Keq = 1025.1
Written in this way, the equilibrium quotient shows that metal ions compete with protons for binding to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
Because metal ions are extensively enveloped by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), their catalytic properties are often suppressed.
Finally, since complexes of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4− are anionic, they tend to be highly soluble in water.
For this reason, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is able to dissolve deposits of metal oxides and carbonates.
The pKa values of free Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are 0, 1.5 (deprotonation of the two amino groups), 2, 2.66, 6.16 and 10.24 (deprotonation of the four carboxyl groups) .

Abiotic degradation
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is in such widespread use that questions have been raised whether Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a persistent organic pollutant.
While Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) serves many positive functions in different industrial, pharmaceutical and other avenues, the longevity of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can pose serious issues in the environment.
The degradation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is slow.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) mainly occurs abiotically in the presence of sunlight.

The most important process for the elimination of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) from surface waters is direct photolysis at wavelengths below 400 nm.
Depending on the light conditions, the photolysis half-lives of iron(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) in surface waters can range as low as 11.3 minutes up to more than 100 hours.
Degradation of FeEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), but not Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) itself, produces iron complexes of the triacetate (ED3A), diacetate (EDDA), and monoacetate (EDMA) – 92% of EDDA and EDMA biodegrades in 20 hours while ED3A displays significantly higher resistance.
Many environmentally-abundant Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) species (such as Mg2+ and Ca2+) are more persistent.

Several bacterial strains isolated from sewage treatment plants efficiently degrade Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).
Specific strains include Agrobacterium radiobacter ATCC 55002 and the sub-branches of Proteobacteria like BNC1, BNC2, and strain DSM 9103.
The three strains share similar properties of aerobic respiration and are classified as gram-negative bacteria.
Unlike photolysis, the chelated species is not exclusive to iron(III) in order to be degraded.
Rather, each strain uniquely consumes varying metal–Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes through several enzymatic pathways.
Agrobacterium radiobacter only degrades Fe(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) while BNC1 and DSM 9103 are not capable of degrading iron(III) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and are more suited for calcium, barium, magnesium and manganese(II) complexes.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) complexes require dissociation before degradation.

Description
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a common polydentate ligand. In Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), the hydrogen atoms are easily removed in solution to produce anionic Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)4-.
In its anionic form Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) has six binding atoms, two nitrogen and four oxygen.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) binds to a metal ion at the six binding sites, wrapping itself around the metal ion, forming a very stable complex.
the strong grasp of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) on the metal ion is analogous to a crab or lobster clamping down on an object with its claw, hence the name chelation.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is such an effective chelating agent because Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can deactivate a metal at up to six sites.

Chemical Properties
Edetic acid occurs as a white crystalline powder.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a solid.
white crystals or powder

The paper and pulp industry is the major user of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), where Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to stabilize bleachesby sequestering metals that catalyze the degradation of bleaches.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)’s ability to stabilizebleaches also makes them useful in laundry detergents and various other cleaning products.
In addition to improving bleaching effi ciency, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) use in detergents and cleansers alsosoftens hard water by tying up divalent metal ions responsible for water hardness, primarilyCa2+ and Mg2+.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s softening ability helps Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) reduce scale formation and improves foamingproperties in cleaning formulations.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is applied in general water treatment to softenwater, helping to prevent scale and corrosion.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) has low toxicity and is used in the foodand beverage industry.
Foods naturally contain small traces of metals and small quantities areadded during food processing.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used with foods to preserve color and preserve flavor,prevent odors, maintain nutrient content, and extend shelf life.
When used in beverages,Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) preserves color and stabilizes other ingredients such as citric acid and benzoates.
In thechemical industry, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to control metal catalytic processes during reactions. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)salts are used in agriculture to provide metal micronutrients in fertilizers.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is helps boost a formulation’s preservative system and is also a chelating agent.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)) is a sequestrant and chelating agent that functions in water but not in fats and oils.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to control the reaction of trace metals with some organic and inorganic components to prevent deterioration of color, texture, and development of precipitates, as well as to prevent oxidation which results in rancidity.
The reactive sites of the metal ions are blocked, which prevents their normal reactions.
The most common interfering metal ions in food products are iron and copper.

Production Methods
Edetic acid may be prepared by the condensation of ethylenediamine with sodium monochloroacetate in the presence of sodium carbonate.
An aqueous solution of the reactants is heated to about 90°C for 10 hours, then cooled, and hydrochloric acid is added to precipitate the edetic acid.
Edetic acid may also be prepared by the reaction of ethylenediamine with hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde with subsequent hydrolysis of the tetranitrile, or under alkaline conditions with continuous extraction of ammonia.

General Description
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) acid is a colorless crystalline solid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in chemical analysis, to make detergents and cleaning compounds, and for many other uses.

Agricultural Uses
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is short for ethylenediamhetetraacetic acid, an amino polycarboxylic acid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a tetraprotic acid and is represented as H4Y with four carboxyl groups and two nitrogen atoms acting as ligand sites.
Thus the compound is a hexadentate ligand.
Ligands include ions such as Cl-, NO2-and CN- or neutral molecules like NH3 and H2O, which possess a lone pair of electrons that can be shared with a metal cation in coordinate covalent bonds.

The water solubility of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is very low and, therefore, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s di-sodium salt Na2H2Y.2H2O is commonly used in titrations.
The Y4- forms very stable, one-to-one complexes with practically every metal ion in the Periodic Table.
The reactions are carried out in a neutral or alkaline medium as the complex decomposes in acidic medium.
(and hence deterioration) of the food product, (d) to increase the storage life of whole blood by removing free calcium ions (Ca2+) to inhibit clotting, and (e) for extracting trace elements, especially copper. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) metal complexes, such as NaFeEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), MnEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), ZnEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and CuEthylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are used as fertilizers and foliar sprays.

Storage
Although edetic acid is fairly stable in the solid state, edetate salts are more stable than the free acid, which decarboxylates if heated above 150°C.
Disodium edetate dihydrate loses water of crystallization when heated to 120°C.
Edetate calcium disodium is slightly hygroscopic and should be protected from moisture.
Aqueous solutions of edetic acid or edetate salts may be sterilized by autoclaving, and should be stored in an alkali-free container.
Edetic acid and edetates should be stored in well-closed containers in a cool, dry place.

Overview
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a prescription medicine, given by injection into the vein (intravenously) or into the muscle (intramuscularly).
Intravenous Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to treat lead poisoning and brain damage caused by lead poisoning; to see how well therapy for suspected lead poisoning is working; to treat poisonings by radioactive materials such as plutonium, thorium, uranium, and strontium; for removing copper in patients with a genetic disease called Wilson's disease; and for reducing levels of calcium in people whose levels are too high.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used intravenously for heart and blood vessel conditions including irregular heartbeat due to exposure to chemicals called cardiac glycosides, "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis), chest pain (angina), high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and blood circulation problems
Other intravenous uses include treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an eye condition called macular degeneration, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and skin conditions including scleroderma and psoriasis.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in the muscle for lead poisoning and related brain damage.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is sometimes used as an ointment for skin irritations produced by metals such as chromium, nickel, and copper.
Eye drops containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) are used to treat calcium deposits in the eye.
In foods, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) bound to iron is used to “fortify” grain-based products such as breakfast cereals and cereal bars.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used to help preserve food; and to promote the color, texture, and flavor of food.

In manufacturing, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to improve stability of some pharmaceutical products, detergents, liquid soaps, shampoos, agricultural chemical sprays, contact lens cleaners and cosmetics.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used in certain blood collection tubes used by medical laboratories.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a molecule called a chelating agent.
A chelating agent is a claw-like substance that can grab and stick to other molecules.
Some types of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) stick to calcium.
Other types stick to metals, such as lead.

Why do people take Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is sometimes prescribed by doctors to clean toxic metals, such as lead, from the blood. Doctors have used the molecule for decades to treat heavy metal poisoning.
In those cases Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is given through an IV.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also an ingredient in some prescription cancer-fighting medicines.
Supplement makers claim that over-the-counter forms of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) can be taken by mouth to "detox" the body and make your gastrointestinal tract healthier.
There is no scientific evidence to support this.
Preliminary studies show that intravenous Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) therapy under physician supervision may help patients who have had a heart attack, particularly if they have diabetes.
However, more study is needed to prove this.

Some people take Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) to try to treat:
Diabetes
Peripheral vascular disease
Alzheimer's disease
Heart disease
However, evidence is lacking that Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) works for those conditions.
Recent studies say Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is not helpful and may even be dangerous.

Optimal doses of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) supplements have not been set.
Supplement ingredients and quality may vary widely.
This makes Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) hard to set a standard dose.

Can you get Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) naturally from foods?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a chemical that is added to certain foods and beverages to help them keep their color and flavor.
For instance, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is sometimes added to:

Sodas
Canned fruits and vegetables
Non-nutritive sweeteners
Condiments such as mayonnaise
Salad dressings
The FDA says Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is considered safe for use in foods in the U.S.

A chemical that binds certain metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium, lead, and iron.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in medicine to prevent blood samples from clotting and to remove calcium and lead from the body.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used to keep bacteria from forming a biofilm (thin layer stuck to a surface).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a type of chelating agent.

Edetate disodium (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)) is a chelating (KEE-late-ing) agent.
A chelating agent is capable of removing a heavy metal, such as lead or mercury, from the blood.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used to lower blood levels of calcium when they have become dangerously high.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is also used to control heart rhythm disturbances caused by a heart medication called digitalis (digoxin, Lanoxin).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

Edetic Acid is the acid form of edetate, a chelating agent with anti-hypercalcemic and anticoagulant properties.
Edetic acid binds calcium and heavy metal ions, forming soluble stable complexes which are readily excreted by the kidneys.
This results in a decrease in serum calcium levels.
This agent is also used as an anticoagulant for blood specimens and is applied as a treatment of lead poisoning.

Edetic acid is a Lead Chelator and Anti-coagulant.
The mechanism of action of edetic acid is as a Lead Chelating Activity and Calcium Chelating Activity.
The physiologic effect of edetic acid is by means of Decreased Coagulation Factor Activity.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a colorless crystalline solid.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is slightly soluble in water.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)s spread to the environment.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is used in chemical analysis, to make detergents and cleaning compounds, and for many other uses.

Use and Manufacturing
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
Auto Products
Commercial / Institutional
Home Maintenance
Inside the Home
Personal Care
Pet Care

Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops

Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
Related to food and beverage service activities
General bleaching agents, bleaching agents for textiles
Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)

Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc
Detergents with wide variety of applications

Consumer electronic equipment of all types, including phones, computers, cameras etc. and related electronic componenets (motherboards, software, chargers)
Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)

General construction
Manufacturing of or related to machinery, for production of cement or food, air/spacescraft machinery, electrical machinery, etc
Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs; modified by veterinary, animal, or pet
Pharmaceutical related

Related to childcare facilities, such as daycare centers or schools
Related to food production (restaurants, catering, etc)
Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products
Related to photography, film, photographic equipment, photographic laboraties, photochemicals, and developing of photographs

Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
Related to the activity of fishing
Fixatives or fixing agents
Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc

Includes food packaging, paper plates, cutlery, small appliances such as roasters, etc.; does not include facilities that manufacture food
Related to food and beverage service activities
Related to forestry
Related to the activity of hunting

Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Heavy duty or concentrated multipurpose cleaners
Laundry detergents and soaps
Stain removers or laundry pre-treatment products
Exterior surface (e.g. deck, house, driveway) cleaners
Generic lubricants, lubricants for engines, brake fluids, oils, etc (does not include personal care lubricants)

Agricultural chemicals used on a variety of crops
Alcoholic beverage for human consumption
Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products

Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc
Related to electrical work (such as wiring of a building), electric current insulation materials, or other electrical components
Related to manufacturing for export
Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers

Industry Uses of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA):
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Intermediates
Ion exchange agents
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Stabilizer
Surface active agents
Chelating agent
Chemical distribution

Consumer Uses of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA):
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Chemical used as a cleaning agent to remove lime scale.
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Laundry and dishwashing products

Lawn and garden care products
Lubricants and greases
Paints and coatings
Water treatment products

General Manufacturing Information about Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA):
Industry Processing Sectors
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing

Miscellaneous manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
Synthetic rubber manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade