Glycic acid (Glycine) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.
IUPAC name: Aminoacetic acid
CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2
Chemical formula: C2H5NO2
Synonyms: 2-Aminoacetic acid, 56-40-6, aminoacetic acid, Glycocoll, Aminoethanoic acid, Glycolixir, H-Gly-OH, Glycosthene, Glicoamin, Aciport, Padil, Hampshire glycine, L-Glycine, Amitone, Leimzucker, Aminoazijnzuur, Acetic acid, amino-, Glycinum, Gyn-hydralin, FEMA No. 3287, Acido aminoacetico, Acide aminoacetique, Acidum aminoaceticum, gly, Glykokoll, Aminoessigsaeure, Hgly, CCRIS 5915, HSDB 495, AI3-04085, NSC 25936, 25718-94-9, H2N-CH2-COOH, amino-Acetic acid, EINECS 200-272-2, UNII-TE7660XO1C, MFCD00008131, NSC-25936, [14C]glycine, TE7660XO1C, DTXSID9020667, CHEBI:15428, NSC25936, CHEMBL773, DTXCID90667, EC 200-272-2, aminoacetate, Athenon, NCGC00024503-01, CAS-56-40-6, Aminoessigsaure, Aminoethanoate, 18875-39-3, amino-Acetate, 2-aminoacetate, Glycine;, [3H]glycine, H-Gly, L-Gly, Gly-CO, Gly-OH, L-Glycine,(S), [14C]-glycine, Corilin, Tocris-0219, NH2CH2COOH, Biomol-NT_000195, bmse000089, bmse000977, WLN: Z1VQ, Gly-253, GTPL727, AB-131/40217813, BPBio1_001222, GTPL4084, GTPL4635, BDBM18133, AZD4282, Glycine, 98.5-101.5%, Pharmakon1600-01300021, Glycine 1000 microg/mL in Water, 2-Aminoacetic acid;Aminoacetic acid, BCP25965, CS-B1641, HY-Y0966, Tox21_113575, HB0299, NSC760120, s4821, STL194276, AKOS000119626, Tox21_113575_1, AM81781, CCG-266010, DB00145, NSC-760120, NCGC00024503-02, NCGC00024503-03, BP-31024, FT-0600491, FT-0669038, G0099, G0317, EN300-19731, A20662, C00037, D00011, D70890, M03001, L001246, Q620730, SR-01000597729, Q-201300, SR-01000597729-1, Q27115084, B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65, F2191-0197, Z955123660, InChI=1/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5
Glycic acid (Glycine) is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycic acid (Glycine) is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to the "flexibility" caused by such a small R group.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycic acid (Glycine) can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.
Glycic acid (Glycine) was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called it "sugar of gelatin", but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that it contained nitrogen.
In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll"; however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that Glycic acid (Glycine) was an amine of acetic acid.
Glycic acid (Glycine)'s acid base properties are most important.
In aqueous solution, Glycic acid (Glycine) is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about 9.6, it converts to glycinate.
Glycic acid (Glycine) functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.
A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.
With acid chlorides, Glycic acid (Glycine) converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylGlycic acid (Glycine).
With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination).
With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylGlycic acid (Glycine), a natural product:
Glycic acid (Glycine) condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylGlycic acid (Glycine):
Pyrolysis of Glycic acid (Glycine) or glycylGlycic acid (Glycine) gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.
Glycic acid (Glycine) forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, e.g., Glycic acid (Glycine) methyl ester hydrochloride.
Otherwise the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.
As a bifunctional molecule, Glycic acid (Glycine) reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.
Biosynthesis of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for Glycic acid (Glycine) biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.
In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:
serine + tetrahydrofolate → Glycic acid (Glycine) + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O
In E. coli, Glycic acid (Glycine) is sensitive to antibiotics that target folate.
In the liver of vertebrates, Glycic acid (Glycine) synthesis is catalyzed by Glycic acid (Glycine) synthase (also called Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage enzyme).
This conversion is readily reversible.
In addition to being synthesized from serine, Glycic acid (Glycine) can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.
Degradation of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the Glycic acid (Glycine) synthase pathway mentioned above.
In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage system:
In the second pathway, Glycic acid (Glycine) is degraded in two steps.
The first step is the reverse of Glycic acid (Glycine) biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.
In the third pathway of its degradation, Glycic acid (Glycine) is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase. Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
The half-life of Glycic acid (Glycine) and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.
In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours.
Physiological function of Glycic acid (Glycine):
The principal function of Glycic acid (Glycine) is it acts as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of Glycic acid (Glycine), a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% Glycic acid (Glycine) due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.[27][31] In the genetic code, Glycic acid (Glycine) is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.
As a biosynthetic intermediate
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from Glycic acid (Glycine) and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycic acid (Glycine) provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.
As a neurotransmitter
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When Glycic acid (Glycine) receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic Glycic acid (Glycine) receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors.
In contrast to the inhibitory role of Glycic acid (Glycine) in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors which are excitatory.
The LD50 of Glycic acid (Glycine) is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability.
Uses of Glycic acid (Glycine):
In the US, Glycic acid (Glycine) is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia, and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for Glycic acid (Glycine).
If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade Glycic acid (Glycine) can be used.
Technical grade Glycic acid (Glycine), which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.
Animal and human foods
Glycic acid (Glycine) is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead, Glycic acid (Glycine)'s role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.
Glycic acid (Glycine) also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
The U.S. "Food and Drug Administration no longer regards Glycic acid (Glycine) and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food".
Chemical feedstock
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used as an intermediate of the medicine such as thiamphenicol.[citation needed]
Laboratory research
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis. Glycic acid (Glycine) serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.
This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.
Presence in space
The presence of Glycic acid (Glycine) outside the Earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to Earth.
Glycic acid (Glycine) had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.
The discovery of Glycic acid (Glycine) in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of Glycic acid (Glycine) within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.
The detection of Glycic acid (Glycine) outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.
In 2008, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered the spectral lines of a Glycic acid (Glycine) precursor (aminoacetonitrile) in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the Galactic Center in the constellation Sagittarius.
Evolution
Glycic acid (Glycine) is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in Glycic acid (Glycine).
Molar mass: 75.067 g
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.1607 g/cm3
Melting point: 233 °C (451 °F; 506 K)
Solubility in water: 249.9 g/L (25 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 2.34 (carboxyl), 9.6 (amino)
XLogP3: -3.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 75.032028402 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 75.032028402 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 42.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycic acid (Glycine) has a role as a nutraceutical, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.1.2.1 (Glycic acid (Glycine) hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor, a NMDA receptor agonist, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a neurotransmitter.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an alpha-amino acid, a serine family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a conjugate base of a glycinium.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a conjugate acid of a glycinate.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a tautomer of a Glycic acid (Glycine) zwitterion.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid.
Glycic acid (Glycine), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential.
In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a simple, nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-Glycic acid (Glycine) diets.
The average adult ingests 3 to 5 grams of Glycic acid (Glycine) daily.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids and collagen, and in release of energy.
Glycic acid (Glycine) levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of Glycic acid (Glycine) metabolism.
Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10).
The Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10 and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T- and L-proteins).
Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM 238300), AMT (OMIM 238310), and GCSH (OMIM 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively.
Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage system catalyses the oxidative conversion of Glycic acid (Glycine) into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the main catabolic pathway for Glycic acid (Glycine) and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased Glycic acid (Glycine) in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF: plasma Glycic acid (Glycine) ratio. (A3412). t is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Consumer Uses of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, adhesives and sealants, coating products, anti-freeze products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), lubricants and greases, air care products and leather treatment products.
Other release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Service life of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Other release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).
Glycic acid (Glycine) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines). Glycic acid (Glycine) can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Glycic acid (Glycine) is intended to be released from scented: clothes, paper products and CDs.
Widespread uses of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, coating products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes and air care products.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following areas: health services, agriculture, forestry and fishing, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used for the manufacture of: food products, chemicals, metals and fabricated metal products.
Other release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, pharmaceuticals, coating products and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following products: pharmaceuticals, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, pH regulators and water treatment products, perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, agriculture, forestry and fishing and mining.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and food products.
Release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.
Manufacture of Glycic acid (Glycine):
Release to the environment of Glycic acid (Glycine) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an amino acid that helps build proteins needed for tissue and hormone maintenance.
More Glycic acid (Glycine) may help support heart and liver health, improve sleep, reduce diabetes risk, and reduce muscle loss.
Your body naturally produces Glycic acid (Glycine) from other amino acids, but it’s also found in protein-rich foods and available as a dietary supplement.
Along with being a component of protein, Glycic acid (Glycine) has several other impressive health benefits.
Here are the top 9 health benefits and uses of Glycic acid (Glycine).
Glycic acid (Glycine) is one of three amino acids that your body uses to make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect your cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are thought to underlie many diseases.
Without enough Glycic acid (Glycine), your body produces less glutathione, which could negatively affect how your body handles oxidative stress over time.
In addition, because glutathione levels naturally decline with age, ensuring that you get enough Glycic acid (Glycine) as you get older may benefit your health.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is also one of three amino acids that your body uses to make a compound called creatine.
Creatine provides your muscles with energy to perform quick, short bursts of activity, such as weightlifting and sprinting.
When combined with resistance training, supplementing with creatine has been shown to increase muscle size, strength and power.
Glycic acid (Glycine) has also been studied for its beneficial effects on bone health, brain function and neurological conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.
While your body naturally creates creatine and it can be obtained through your diet, getting too little Glycic acid (Glycine) may reduce how much you produce.
Collagen is a structural protein that contains high amounts of Glycic acid (Glycine). In fact, every third to fourth amino acid in collagen is Glycic acid (Glycine).
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body.
Glycic acid (Glycine) provides strength for your muscles, skin, cartilage, blood, bones and ligaments.
Supplementing with collagen has been shown to benefit skin health, relieve joint pain and prevent bone loss.
Therefore, Glycic acid (Glycine)’s important that you get enough Glycic acid (Glycine) to support your body’s production of collagen.
Many people struggle to get a good night’s rest, either because they have trouble falling or staying asleep.
While there are several ways you can improve your sleep quality, such as not drinking caffeinated beverages late in the day or avoiding bright screens a few hours before bedtime, Glycic acid (Glycine) may also help.
This amino acid has a calming effect on your brain and could help you fall and stay asleep by lowering your core body temperature.
Research in people with sleep issues has shown that taking 3 grams of Glycic acid (Glycine) before bed decreases how long it takes to fall asleep, enhances sleep quality, lessens daytime sleepiness and improves cognition.
For this reason, Glycic acid (Glycine) may be a good alternative to prescription sleeping pills for improving sleep quality at night and tiredness during the day.
Too much alcohol can have damaging effects on your body, especially your liver.
There are three primary types of alcohol-induced liver damage:
Fatty liver: A buildup of fat inside your liver, increasing its size.
Alcoholic hepatitis: Caused by inflammation of the liver resulting from long-term, excessive drinking.
Alcoholic cirrhosis: The final phase of alcoholic liver disease, occurring when the liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue.
Interestingly, research suggests that Glycic acid (Glycine) may reduce the harmful effects of alcohol on your liver by preventing inflammation.
It has been shown to reduce concentrations of alcohol in the blood of alcohol-fed rats by stimulating the metabolism of alcohol in the stomach rather than the liver, which prevented the development of fatty liver and alcoholic cirrhosis.
What’s more, Glycic acid (Glycine) may also help reverse liver damage caused by excessive alcohol intake in animals.
While moderate alcohol-induced liver damage can be reversed by abstaining from alcohol, Glycic acid (Glycine) may improve the recovery process.
In a study in rats with alcohol-induced liver damage, the liver cell health returned to baseline 30% faster in a group fed a Glycic acid (Glycine) containing diet for two weeks compared to a control group.
Despite promising finds, studies on the effects of Glycic acid (Glycine) on alcohol-induced liver damage are limited to animals and cannot be translated to humans.
Increasing evidence suggests that Glycic acid (Glycine) offers protection against heart disease.
Glycic acid (Glycine) prevents the accumulation of a compound that, in high amounts, has been linked to atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
Glycic acid (Glycine) may also improve your body’s ability to use nitric oxide, an important molecule that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.
Glycic acid (Glycine) an observational study in over 4,100 people with chest pains, higher levels of Glycic acid (Glycine) were associated with a lower risk of heart disease and heart attacks at a 7.4-year follow-up.
After accounting for cholesterol-lowering medications, the researchers also observed a more favorable blood cholesterol profile in people who had higher Glycic acid (Glycine) levels.
What’s more, Glycic acid (Glycine) has been found to reduce several risk factors of heart disease in rats fed a high-sugar diet.
Eating and drinking too much added sugar can raise blood pressure, increase levels of fat in your blood and promote dangerous fat gain around the belly — all of which can promote heart disease.
While encouraging, clinical studies on the effects of Glycic acid (Glycine) on heart disease risk in humans are needed before it can be recommended.
Type 2 diabetes may lead to low levels of Glycic acid (Glycine).
It’s a condition characterized by impaired insulin secretion and action, meaning your body doesn’t produce enough insulin or that it doesn’t respond properly to the insulin it makes.
Insulin decreases your blood sugar levels by signaling its uptake into cells for energy or storage.
Interestingly, because Glycic acid (Glycine) has been shown to increase insulin response in people without diabetes, it’s suggested that Glycic acid (Glycine) supplements may improve impaired insulin response in people with type 2 diabetes.
Higher levels of Glycic acid (Glycine) are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, even after accounting for other factors that are associated with the condition, such as lifestyle.
Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from supplementing with Glycic acid (Glycine), though research is too preliminary to make any specific recommendations.
If you have type 2 diabetes, the best way to reduce your insulin resistance is through weight loss by means of diet and exercise.
Glycic acid (Glycine) may reduce muscle wasting, a condition that occurs with aging, malnutrition and when your body is under stress, such as with cancer or severe burns.
Muscle wasting leads to a harmful reduction in muscle mass and strength, which declines functional status and can complicate other potentially present diseases.
The amino acid leucine has been studied as a treatment for muscle wasting, as it strongly inhibits muscle breakdown and enhances muscle building.
However, several changes in the body during muscle-wasting conditions impair the effectiveness of leucine for stimulating muscle growth.
Interestingly, in mice with muscle wasting conditions, such as cancer, research has shown that Glycic acid (Glycine) was able to stimulate muscle growth whereas leucine was not.
Therefore, Glycic acid (Glycine) holds promise for improving health by protecting muscles from wasting during various wasting conditions.
Still, more research in humans is needed.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is found in varying amounts in meat, especially in tough cuts like the chuck, round and brisket.
You can also get Glycic acid (Glycine) from gelatin, a substance made from collagen that’s added to various food products to improve consistency.
Other and more practical ways to increase your intake of Glycic acid (Glycine) include:
Add It to Foods and Drinks
Glycic acid (Glycine) is readily available as a dietary supplement in capsule or powder form.
If you don’t like taking pills, the powder form dissolves easily in water and has a sweet taste.
In fact, the name Glycic acid (Glycine) is derived from the Greek word for “sweet.”
Due to its sweet taste, you can easily incorporate Glycic acid (Glycine) powder into your diet by adding it to:
Coffee and tea
Soups
Oatmeal
Protein shakes
Yogurt
Pudding
Take Collagen Supplements
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the main amino acid in collagen, the main structural protein of connective tissue, such as bone, skin, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
Accordingly, you can boost your Glycic acid (Glycine) intake by taking collagen protein supplements.
This is likely more efficient, as Glycic acid (Glycine) competes with other amino acids for absorption and is therefore absorbed less efficiently by itself than when it’s bound to other amino acids, as in the case of collagen.
Supplementing with Glycic acid (Glycine) is safe in appropriate amounts.
Studies have used up to 90 grams of Glycic acid (Glycine) per day over several weeks without serious side effects.
For comparison, the standard dose used in studies is about 3–5 grams per day.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an amino acid with many impressive health benefits.
Your body needs Glycic acid (Glycine) to make important compounds, such as glutathione, creatine and collagen.
This amino acid may also protect your liver from alcohol-induced damage and improve sleep quality and heart health.
What’s more, Glycic acid (Glycine) may also benefit people with type 2 diabetes and protect against muscle loss that occurs with muscle-wasting conditions.
You can increase your intake of this important nutrient by eating some meat products, by adding the powdered supplement form to drinks and foods or by supplementing with collagen.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an amino acid with a number of important functions in the body.
Glycic acid (Glycine) acts as a neurotransmitter, a component of collagen, and as a precursor to various biomolecules (e.g., creatine, heme), among other roles.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is often considered conditionally essential, meaning it can usually be produced in the body in sufficient amounts.
However, in certain contexts (e.g., pregnancy) more Glycic acid (Glycine) may be needed from the diet.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is found in most protein sources, meaning common sources of Glycic acid (Glycine) include meat, eggs, soybeans, lentils, and dairy products.
A few studies have found supplementation with Glycic acid (Glycine) can improve sleep quality, with subsequent benefits to cognitive function.
High doses of Glycic acid (Glycine) have been shown to improve symptoms of schizophrenia.
Glycic acid (Glycine) may reduce the blood glucose response to carbohydrate ingestion.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a major component of collagen (around 25% by weight) and for this reasons is often taken to improve joint health, but human evidence in this area is currently lacking.
In high amounts, Glycic acid (Glycine) supplementation can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and abdominal pain.
Glycic acid (Glycine) supplementation likely works through different mechanisms depending on the outcome of interest.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, meaning Glycic acid (Glycine) plays a role in activating this receptor in the brain.
Glycic acid (Glycine)’s effect on the NMDA receptor has been proposed as underlying the improvements in both sleep and symptoms of schizophrenia with supplementation.
Glycic acid (Glycine) may benefit sleep by lowering core body temperature, as a warm body temperature can adversely affect sleep quality.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is an amino acid, a building block for protein.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is not considered an “essential amino acid” because the body can make it from other chemicals.
A typical diet contains about 2 grams of Glycic acid (Glycine) daily.
The primary sources are protein-rich foods including meat, fish, dairy, and legumes.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is used for treating schizophrenia, stroke, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and some rare inherited metabolic disorders. It is also used to protect kidneys from the harmful side effects of certain drugs used after organ transplantation as well as the liver from harmful effects of alcohol. Other uses include cancer prevention and memory enhancement.
Some people apply Glycic acid (Glycine) directly to the skin to treat leg ulcers and heal other wounds.
The body uses Glycic acid (Glycine) to make proteins.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is also involved in the transmission of chemical signals in the brain, so there is interest in trying it for schizophrenia and improving memory.
Some researchers think Glycic acid (Glycine) may have a role in cancer prevention because it seems to interfere with the blood supply needed by certain tumors.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys.
Under normal feeding conditions, Glycic acid (Glycine) is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state.
Glycic acid (Glycine) degradation occurs through three pathways: the Glycic acid (Glycine) cleavage system (GCS), serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and conversion to glyoxylate by peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase.
Among these pathways, GCS is the major enzyme to initiate Glycic acid (Glycine) degradation to form ammonia and CO2 in animals.
In addition, Glycic acid (Glycine) is utilized for the biosynthesis of glutathione, heme, creatine, nucleic acids, and uric acid.
Furthermore, Glycic acid (Glycine) is a significant component of bile acids secreted into the lumen of the small intestine that is necessary for the digestion of dietary fat and the absorption of long-chain fatty acids.
Glycic acid (Glycine) plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function. Thus, this nutrient has been used to: prevent tissue injury; enhance anti-oxidative capacity; promote protein synthesis and wound healing; improve immunity; and treat metabolic disorders in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, cancers, and various inflammatory diseases.
These multiple beneficial effects of Glycic acid (Glycine), coupled with its insufficient de novo synthesis, support the notion that it is a conditionally essential and also a functional amino acid for mammals.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a non-essential amino acid that is produced naturally by the body.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is one of 20 amino acids in the human body that synthesize proteins, and it plays a key role in the creation of several other important compounds and proteins.
Glycic acid (Glycine) has been shown to be safe as a dietary supplement, although a healthy and varied diet will typically provide the necessary amounts of Glycic acid (Glycine) the body needs.
The primary function Glycic acid (Glycine) takes on in the body is to synthesize proteins.
However, Glycic acid (Glycine) is also essential for the healthy development of the skeleton, muscles, and tissues.
Glycic acid (Glycine) benefits for bone health
Although the impact of specific amino acids on bone mineral density and the risk of bone diseases such as osteoporosis has not been identified, Glycic acid (Glycine) has been implicated in promoting bone health.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is thought that Glycic acid (Glycine) (among other non-essential amino acids) helps bone health through the production of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1, along with the synthesis of collagen, which is an important protein for bone, tissue, and muscle health throughout the body.
Glycic acid (Glycine) benefits for muscle health
Glycic acid (Glycine) can prevent muscles from breaking down by boosting the level of creatine in the body, which is a compound found in muscle cells and made by Glycic acid (Glycine) and two other amino acids.
Boosting creatine in the muscles can help them to perform better in short, intense bursts of activity such as weightlifting or sprinting.
Several studies have shown that boosting creatine in the body can lead to increased muscle strength, mass, and power, and it may also help with recovery after exercise and rehabilitation after injury.
One study found that a daily dose of 5 g to 20 g of creatine meant that patients requiring one injured leg to be kept in a cast for 2 weeks experienced less muscle atrophy due to inactivity, and they gained more strength from their rehabilitation exercises than those not taking creatine.
As a result, Glycic acid (Glycine) is a popular supplement for bodybuilders and those wishing to gain muscle mass and strength.
However, the body can synthesize creatine itself and can be taken in through the diet, so Glycic acid (Glycine) supplements to boost creatine levels may not always be necessary.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is found in high amounts in collagen, which is a structural protein that promotes strength and elasticity in the skin.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the main element that makes up the fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bones, and is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Glycic acid (Glycine) supplements have been shown to reduce the levels of bone loss in osteopenic postmenopausal women, reduce joint deterioration in athletes experiencing joint pain, and increase skin elasticity in older women.
Glycic acid (Glycine) benefits for sleep
3 g of Glycic acid (Glycine) a day before sleep has been found to improve sleep quality and reduce feelings of fatigue during the day in people with insomnia or those who do not have much time to sleep.
Glycic acid (Glycine) injections in animal studies have been shown to limit the activity of neurons that are responsible for arousal and energy homeostasis, and Glycic acid (Glycine) injections have also been found to encourage non-REM sleep in mice, although the link between Glycic acid (Glycine) and neuronal activity blocking of this kind is disputed.
Sleep may also be improved with Glycic acid (Glycine) because it decreases the body’s core temperature, and cooler body temperatures are linked with better quality sleep.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is believed that Glycic acid (Glycine) supplementation activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and leads to better thermoregulation and circadian rhythm, although the mechanisms through which Glycic acid (Glycine) activates NMDA receptors in the SCN to induce better sleep are not yet understood.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and plays a role in the processing of motor and sensory information.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is found in the spinal cord, the brainstem, and the retina, and can both inhibit and promote excitability in various neurotransmitters.
This can be helpful and dangerous depending on the strength of inhibition or excitation and the dose of Glycic acid (Glycine).
If a dose of Glycic acid (Glycine) is too high, it can cause fatal hyperexcitability in the brain, but highly inhibited Glycic acid (Glycine) can cause muscular convulsions and asphyxia, causing death.
This is because Glycic acid (Glycine) receptors can be blocked by strychnine, which in high amounts causes these fatal complications.
However, the inhibitory functions of Glycic acid (Glycine) help manage psychological conditions such as schizophrenia, and Glycic acid (Glycine) has become a potential therapeutic route for the management of schizophrenia symptoms.
Glycic acid (Glycine) can increase the neurotransmission of NMDA, and low levels of NMDA receptors have been reported as a possible contributing factor to the development of schizophrenia.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is safe for short- and long-term use, and as such it is a possible effective treatment for the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Literature reviews have found that creatine supplements may improve short-term memory function and the reasoning capabilities in healthy people, although its benefits on those living with dementia or other degenerative cognitive diseases have not been fully ascertained.
Related to Glycic acid (Glycine)’s role in the creation of creatine, it has been widely documented that creatine has neuroprotective properties.
Animal studies investigating the benefits of creatine supplementation on traumatic brain injuries (TBI), cerebral ischemia, and spinal cord injuries (SCI) have found that creatine can improve the level of damage to the cortical region from 36 to 50 percent, and in rats with spinal cord injuries, creatine supplementation improved locomotor function.
As it has been proven safe to consume as a supplement, creatine supplementation could, therefore, have potential as a therapeutic agent in humans to treat TBI and SCI.
Although Glycic acid (Glycine) is made naturally by the body, it can also be found in a range of common foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and legumes.
These protein-rich foods should provide the body with enough Glycic acid (Glycine) to function healthily without the need for Glycic acid (Glycine) supplementation.
Glycic acid (Glycine) supplements are made in powders or capsules, and powders are often added to food and drinks because of their naturally sweet taste.
Although Glycic acid (Glycine) is the simplest amino acid, it has a complex array of functions and effects on the body. While it can inhibit certain neurotransmitters that can improve certain psychological conditions, it can also excite neurotransmitters that cause muscular convulsions and potentially fatal brain hyperexcitability.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is safe to consume as a dietary supplement in appropriate doses, both for short- and long-term use, however, the body will usually receive the right amount of Glycic acid (Glycine) from a varied, healthy diet.
Glycic acid (Glycine) has a range of benefits that include the bones, tissues, muscles, and central nervous system, and as such is one of the most important non-essential amino acids in the body.
In estimating the pKa of a functional group, it is important to consider the molecule as a whole.
For example, Glycic acid (Glycine) is a derivative of acetic acid, and the pKa of acetic acid is well known.
Alternatively, Glycic acid (Glycine) could be considered a derivative of aminoethane.
Builds muscle
Glycic acid (Glycine) is required for the synthesis of creatine, a chemical that provides energy to your muscles and helps with increasing muscle strength and size.
Repairs joints
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the main amino acid in collagen, which is crucial for your joints, tendons, and ligaments.
Glycic acid (Glycine) has been demonstrated in studies to be necessary for the creation of flexible cartilage, help heal injured joints, and prevent the loss of mobility and functionality in older people.
Reduces inflammation
Glycic acid (Glycine) is a dietary precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that plays a role in lowering inflammation and protecting against free radical damage.
By inhibiting the generation of harmful inflammatory molecules, Glycic acid (Glycine) can help prevent diseases linked to oxidative stress such as liver injury, ischemic stroke, and heart attack.
Protects the liver from alcohol damage
Excessive alcohol use can be damaging to the liver.
By preventing inflammation, Glycic acid (Glycine) can help minimize the detrimental effects of alcohol on the liver.
Animal studies have shown that Glycic acid (Glycine) may help reduce blood alcohol concentration in rats who were fed alcohol.
Protects heart health
Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Glycic acid (Glycine) lowers the risk of heart disease.
In a 2015 study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, researchers examined the relationship between Glycic acid (Glycine) plasma levels and acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).
tudy subjects included 4,109 people who had undergone elective coronary angiography to rule out stable angina (blockage in the coronary artery).
According to the study, people with higher plasma Glycic acid (Glycine) levels had a lower risk of heart disease and heart attack.
Helps improve metabolic disorders
Glycic acid (Glycine) is believed to aid in the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
Glycic acid (Glycine) lowers glycated hemoglobin, a risk factor associated with poor blood sugar control in people with type II diabetes.
Glycic acid (Glycine) also increases the release of a gut hormone (glucagon) that aids insulin in the removal of glucose from the bloodstream.
In addition, Glycic acid (Glycine) increases adiponectin levels, a chemical that controls satiety and fat metabolism. This may lead to weight reduction in people who are obese, although this effect has only been seen in cell studies.
Improves digestive system
Bone broth has been used for many years to treat digestive issues because it contains high levels of Glycic acid (Glycine), which promotes the health of the gut wall and mucosa.
Glycic acid (Glycine) can help speed up the healing of ulcers and regulation of stomach acidity.
Improves sleep quality
Glycic acid (Glycine) helps activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the brain, which may have a calming effect on the brain and lower core body temperature, both of which can help improve symptoms of sleep disorders.
Builds immunity
Glycic acid (Glycine) promotes the synthesis of glutathione, an essential antioxidant that protects cells against free radicals, peroxide (a molecule that binds to the radicals), and lipid peroxidation (oxidative stress of lipids).
By protecting your body against oxidative stress, Glycic acid (Glycine) can help boost your immune system.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is the smallest of the amino acids.
Glycic acid (Glycine) is ambivalent, meaning that it can be inside or outside of the protein molecule.
In aqueous solution at or near neutral pH, Glycic acid (Glycine) will exist predominantly as the zwitterion
The isoelectric point or isoelectric pH of Glycic acid (Glycine) will be centered between the pKas of the two ionizable groups, the amino group and the carboxylic acid group.