CAS Number: 79-21-0
EC / List number: 201-186-8
Molecular formula: C2H4O3
PAA (Peracetic acid) (also known as peroxyacetic acid), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a highly reactive material.
As an in-use solution, PAA (Peracetic acid) is not very stable and will react with organic materials.
PAA (Peracetic acid) may attack plant materials, such as rubber gaskets, and at higher concentrations, corrosion may be a problem.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has a wide antimicrobial spectrum, which includes bacterial spores and viruses.
This activity is fast and is maintained at temperatures lower than ambient.
PAA (Peracetic acid), or peroxyacetic acid, is characterized by a very rapid action against all microorganisms.
A special advantage of PAA (Peracetic acid) is its lack of harmful decomposition products (i.e., acetic acid, water, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide); it enhances removal of organic material and leaves no residue.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a powerful disinfectant due to its high oxidizing potential, effectiveness against a broad range of microorganisms and its favorable environmental profile.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a liquid organic acid and a very powerful oxidizer.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has a unique oxygen/oxygen bond arrangement that rapidly releases oxygen to destroy bacteria and oxidize unwanted odors (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) and compounds.
When PAA (Peracetic acid) is applied to a process it quickly degrades into non-harmful biproducts, acetic acid (a component found in table vinegar) and water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) eats away at any inorganic scale and then breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
Properties of PAA (Peracetic acid):
-Powerful oxidizer
-Destroys bacteria
-Non-harmful biproducts
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a versatile oxidizing agent that dissolves easily in water and decomposes into non-toxic by-products.
ATAMAN is one of the leading promoters of PAA (Peracetic acid) and has helped to develop a wide offering of high quality products, ranging in concentration from 5% to 40% peracetic acid in equilibrium solution.
The different concentrations are used in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection and sterilization across a variety of industries, including food and beverage, environmental remediation, industrial cleaning and sanitization, and oil and gas production.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 25°C.
Holding the formula CH3CO3H, PAA (Peracetic acid) is created by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; the compound has a similar pungent-smelling odour to its slightly stronger cousin, acetic acid.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a popular biocidal disinfectant with uses across many industries.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is biocidal — meaning it can destroy and control harmful bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi.
A very powerful oxidant and fast-acting antimicrobial, PAA (Peracetic acid) penetrates through cell membranes, irreversibly disrupting the enzyme system and destroying pathogenic microorganisms.
PAA (Peracetic acid)’s antimicrobial properties make a popular, reliable biocidal disinfectant in agricultural, food and pharmaceutical settings, as well as in the home.
Amongst many other industrial applications, PAA (Peracetic acid) also holds use in water treatment, able to prevent biofilm formation and pathogenic growth.
Efficacious even at low temperatures with no traces of chlorine, PAA (Peracetic acid) also has an environmental edge.
After use, PAA (Peracetic acid) simply breaks down into its ecologically-harmless components — an excellent alternative to traditional chemicals used for disinfectant and cleansing purposes.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a highly corrosive chemical used in hospital endoscopy, sterilization, poultry & meat processing, food processing, and many other industries.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic chemical compound that is used in a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid that has a strong vinegar like odor that can be smelt at very low levels.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a strong oxidant and is highly reactive.
However, PAA (Peracetic acid) breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water leaving no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for a food-safe antimicrobial.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is produced by combining hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) functions as a disinfectant by oxidizing the outer cell membrane of microbes.
The more concentrated the PAA (Peracetic acid) solution, the more effective it is as an antimicrobial, but the greater the vapor concentration and so the greater the exposure risk to everyone around.
This highly biocidial oxidizer shows good efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
Microbial Activity: PAA (Peracetic acid) will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in <5 minutes at <100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200-500 ppm is required.
For viruses, the dosage range is wide (12 -2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
Bacterial spores in suspension are inactivated in 15 seconds to 30 minutes with 500 to 10,000 ppm (0.05 to 1%)
CAS Number: 79-21-0
EC / List no.: 201-186-8
CAS no.: 79-21-0
Mol. formula: C2H4O3
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a powerful disinfectant due to its high oxidizing potential, effectiveness against a broad range of microorganisms and its favorable environmental profile.
KEYWORDS:
79-21-0, 201-186-8, CCRIS 686, HSDB 1106, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201, BRN 1098464, CHEMBL444965, NCGC00166305-01, Peroxyacetic acid >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide, Acide peroxyacetique
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins
PAA (Peracetic acid) is liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.
Production of PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
PAA (Peracetic acid) forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
The PAA (Peracetic acid) is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of PAA (Peracetic acid) as the active ingredient can vary.
Uses of PAA (Peracetic acid):
The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered peracetic acid as an antimicrobial in 1985 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites of PAA (Peracetic acid) include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for PAA (Peracetic acid) as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.
Chemical formula: CH3CO3H
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.0375 g/mL
Melting point: 0 °C
Boiling point: 105 °C
Acidity (pKa): 8.2
Refractive index (nD): 1.3974
Viscosity: 3.280 cP
PAA (Peracetic acid) (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a watery solution.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a bright, colorless liquid that has a piercing odor and a low pH value (2,8).
PAA (Peracetic acid) is produced by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid:
O O
|| ||
CH3-C-OH + H2O2 -> CH3C-O-OH + H2O
acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide -> PAA (Peracetic acid)
PAA (Peracetic acid) can also be produced by oxidation of acethaldehyde.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is usually produced in concentrations of 5-15%.
When PAA (Peracetic acid) dissolves in water, it disintegrates to hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which will fall apart to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) degradation products are non-toxic and can easily dissolve in water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a very powerful oxidant; the oxidation potential outranges that of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
What are the applications of PAA (Peracetic acid)?
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used mainly in the food industry, where it is applied as a cleanser and as a disinfectant.
Since the early 1950’s, acetic acid was applied for bacteria and fungi removal from fruits and vegetables.
PAA (Peracetic acid) was also used for the disinfection of recicled rinsing water for foodstuffs.
Nowadays PAA (Peracetic acid) is applied for the disinfection of medical supplies and to prevent bio film formation in pulp industries.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumming disinfection.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is suitable for cooling tower water disinfection; it affectively prevents bio film formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
How does PAA (Peracetic acid) disinfection work?
PAA (Peracetic acid) as a disinfectant oxidizes the outer cell membranes of microorganisms.
The oxidation mechanism consists of electron transfer.
When a stronger oxidant is used, the electrons are transferred to the microorganism much faster, causing the microorganism to be deactivated rapidly.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be applied for the deactivation of a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms.
PAA (Peracetic acid) also deactivates viruses and spores.
PAA (Peracetic acid) activity is hardly influenced by organic compounds that are present in the water.
However, pH and temperature do influence PAA (Peracetic acid) activity.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is more effective when the pH value is 7 than at a pH range between 8 and 9.
At a temperature of 15 °C and a pH value of 7, five times more PAA (Peracetic acid) is required to affectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 35 °C.
Overview to PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a highly biocidal oxidizer that maintains its efficacy in the presence of organic soil.
PAA (Peracetic acid) removes surface contaminants (primarily protein) on endoscopic tubing.
An automated machine using PAA (Peracetic acid) to sterilize medical, surgical, and dental instruments chemically (e.g., endoscopes, arthroscopes) was introduced in 1988.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization method is commonly used in the United States.
The sterilant, 35% PAA (Peracetic acid), and an anticorrosive agent are supplied in a single-dose container.
The container is punctured at the time of use, immediately prior to closing the lid and initiating the cycle.
The concentrated PAA (Peracetic acid) is diluted to 0.2% with filtered water (0.2 mm) at a temperature of approximately 50°C.
Microbicidal Activity of PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in <5 minutes at <100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200-500 ppm is required.
For viruses, the dosage range is wide (12-2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
Bacterial spores in suspension are inactivated in 15 seconds to 30 minutes with 500 to 10,000 ppm (0.05 to 1%).
Simulated-use trials have demonstrated microbicidal activity,and three clinical trials have demonstrated both microbial killing and no clinical failures leading to infection.
Alfa and co-workers, who compared the PAA (Peracetic acid) system with ETO, demonstrated the high efficacy of the system.
Only the PAA (Peracetic acid) system was able to completely kill 6-log10 of Mycobacterium chelonae, Enterococcus faecalis, and B. atrophaeus spores with both an organic and inorganic challenge.
Like other sterilization processes, the efficacy of the process can be diminished by soil challenges and test conditions.
Uses of PAA (Peracetic acid):
This automated machine is used to chemically sterilize medical (e.g., GI endoscopes) and surgical (e.g., flexible endoscopes) instruments in the United States.
Lumened endoscopes must be connected to an appropriate channel connector to ensure that the sterilant has direct contact with the contaminated lumen
PAA (Peracetic acid) (CAS No. 79-21-0), also known as peroxyacetic, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, PAA (Peracetic acid) is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, PAA (Peracetic acid) is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.
Many users know PAA (Peracetic acid) to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that PAA (Peracetic acid) is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to peracetic acid can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
Also known as peroxyacetic acid PAA (Peracetic acid) is best known for its ability to sanitize surfaces and objects.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is characterized by a very rapid action against all microorganisms."
PAA (Peracetic acid) is considered environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, including acetic acid, oxygen, and water
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid that, with a pKa value of 8.2 and is weaker than its parent, acetic acid.
Some PAA (Peracetic acid) Uses:
PAA (Peracetic acid) has many applications in healthcare (e.g., cleaning contaminated surfaces and sanitizing surgical instruments).
But PAA (Peracetic acid)'s uses go beyond these.
Gnotobiotics:
Gnotobiotics is a form of laboratory research that focuses on pathogens.
Totally germ-free animals are produced and live in sterile conditions for research studies.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used to sterilize the isolation equipment.
Water Purification:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also one of the substances used in the early phases of water treatment to destroy bacteria.
PAA (Peracetic acid) doesn't affect effluent toxicity, so it does not need to be removed like chlorine.
Nor does PAA (Peracetic acid)'s use result in toxic residuals, mutagenic, or carcinogenic compounds after disinfection.
The Pulp Industry:
Paper mills and the pulp industry produce extremely large quantities of paper and pulp products each year.
However, paper happens to be the sixth-largest polluting industry and is known for producing toxic paper mill sludge due to the heavy use of chlorine for bleaching.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has been shown as a potentially good alternative to chlorine in paper production and other bleaching processes.
The Food and Beverage Industries:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used in food safety, especially in sanitizing fruits and vegetables for consumption and it has been used successfully in the production of both beer and wine.
Great Beer & Brewing, for example, points out that PAA (Peracetic acid) "breaks down readily into acetic acid (acetate), water, and atomic oxygen.
This form of oxygen poses no risk of oxidation to beers that come into contact with it.
These breakdown products are environmentally friendly"
PAA (Peracetic acid) Dangers:
PAA (Peracetic acid) in low concentrations can irritate skin and eyes, as well as cause throat and breathing difficulties.
However, in concentrated form, PAA (Peracetic acid) can cause serious eye and skin damage.
When using manual immersion methods, PAA (Peracetic acid) requires adequate ventilation and personal protective measures like gloves and eye covering.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also flammable and explosive at temperatures above 40.5 degrees Celsius (104.9 Fahrenheit).
There are also environmental risks; for example, PAA (Peracetic acid) is very toxic to aquatic organisms.
To ensure PAA (Peracetic acid) safety, we highly recommend peracetic acid monitors for the appropriate uses.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic acid generated by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Several commercial formulations are available.
In solution, PAA (Peracetic acid) dissolves and forms back acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used at concentrations of 150–200 ppm on various food-contact surfaces.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is efficient in removing biofilms and works well at colder temperatures.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is believed to function in a similar fashion as other oxidizing agents by reacting with cellular proteins and enzymes.
In a recent study, PAA (Peracetic acid) at 30 mg l−1 was shown to be more efficient than 250 mg l−1 of sodium hypochlorite at removing biofilm cells of S. aureus from stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces.
Another study suggests that PAA (Peracetic acid) sanitizers may have some sporocidal activity against suspended bacterial spores in an aqueous solution on stainless steel surfaces.
However, sporocidal activity was minimal against spores adhering to stainless
PAA (Peracetic acid) is presently utilized in several sterilization procedures.
For the decontamination, disinfection, or sterilization of products, such as isolators and vapor-phase producers, PAA (Peracetic acid) was used.
PAA (Peracetic acid), which is soluble in water, has a pungent odor and is a colorless liquid.
In the market, PAA (Peracetic acid) exists as a 35% or 40% solution.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is mostly found to be unstable, and easily decomposable (when in contact with oxygen, acetic acid, and other degradation products including hydrogen peroxide and water).
As supplied, PAA (Peracetic acid) is corrosive and has a very irritating smell, similar to vinegar; because of these properties, it is unpleasant to handle, and manual use is not recommended.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is suitable for CIP, as it is nonfoaming.
PAA (Peracetic acid) remains effective in the presence of organic matter and is sporicidal even at low temperatures.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can corrode copper, brass, bronze, plain steel, and galvanized iron, but these effects can be reduced by additives and pH modifications.
PAA (Peracetic acid) will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in less than 5 minutes at less than 100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200 to 500 ppm is required.
For viruses the dosage range is wide (12 to 2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
A processing system using peracetic acid at a temperature of 50° C to 56° C can be used for processing heat-sensitive semicritical and critical devices that are compatible with the peracetic acid and processing system and cannot be sterilized by other legally marketed traditional sterilization methods validated for that type of device (e.g., steam, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide).
After processing, the devices should be used immediately or stored in a manner similar to that of a high-level disinfected endoscope.
The sterilant, 35% PAA (Peracetic acid), is diluted to 0.2% with tap water that has been filtered and exposed to ultraviolet light.
Simulated-use trials with the earlier version of this processing system have demonstrated excellent microbicidal activity, and three clinical trials have demonstrated both excellent microbial killing and no clinical failures leading to infection.
Three clusters of infection using the earlier version of the PAA (Peracetic acid) automated endoscope reprocessor were linked to inadequately processed bronchoscopes when inappropriate channel connectors were used with the system.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is composed of an equilibrium of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is thought to act as an oxidising agent, denaturing proteins and disrupting cell walls.
The STERIS System 1E (STERIS Corporation, Mentor, OH) automated system uses peracetic acid diluted in sterile water to rapidly sterilise devices in 20–30 minutes.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be corrosive to some metals, including copper, brass, bronze, steel and galvanised iron, so it must be combined with additives to reduce this effect.
However, an advantage to using PAA (Peracetic acid) is that the liquid sterilant is able to flow through narrow lumens in endoscopes and sterilise them.
As a sterilant, PAA (Peracetic acid) is active against Gram-negative and positive bacteria, fungi and yeasts, but also against viruses and organic matter.
Different doses of sterilant are needed to be effective against each of these organisms.
This technique is to be used to sterilise instruments immediately prior to use; there is no storage of devices sterilised by this method.
PAA (Peracetic acid) was the first germicide used to sterilize isolators and is still used because of its effectiveness, low cost, and compatibility with most plastics.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is effective at low concentrations and temperatures, and, in liquid form, in the presence of organic matter, although it does not penetrate parasite cysts and arthropod eggs.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is available from laboratory chemical suppliers as a liquid containing 40% peracetic acid.
A major advantage of PAA (Peracetic acid) is that it is effective in vapor and liquid phases.
The vapor generated when a 1–2% solution is sprayed at room temperature will inactivate the most resistant bacteria and mold spores within 15 min, and direct application of the liquid achieves the same action within 1 min.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is sometimes used at a concentration of 4%, but there is no evidence from actual gnotobiotic applications that this is more effective than 1.
Optimal sporicidal activity in the vapor phase is achieved at 80% relative humidity.
PAA (Peracetic acid) solution should always be prepared immediately before use, because it loses about half of its strength within 24 h.
Thirty minutes of contact time is sufficient.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is corrosive, and it is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Personnel using PAA (Peracetic acid) should wear gloves, disposable clothing, and a full-face respirator with chemical filter cartridges.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is not considered a carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or the National Toxicology Program, and it is not genotoxic or mutagenic, although it can be a tumor promoter.
Combining PAA (Peracetic acid) with hydrogen peroxide results in synergistic antimicrobial activity.
Spor-Klenz™ (Steris Life Sciences), a ready-to-use sterilant solution containing 1% hydrogen peroxide and 0.08% PAA (Peracetic acid), has broad sporicidal efficacy and completely inactivates Mycobacterium spp. after 20 min of contact time at 20°C.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has become an accepted sterilant for gnotobiotics.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an exceptional broad-spectrum biocide and can be used in many industrial fields.
If you are having problems with bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses, PAA (Peracetic acid) offers the right solution to maintain your hygiene standards.
PAA (Peracetic acid) in low concentrations is effective against all types of microorganisms, even at low temperatures.
As a result, PAA (Peracetic acid) stands for safe and environmentally friendly disinfection.
After use, the PAA (Peracetic acid) breaks down into the ecologically harmless products oxygen, water and vinegar.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is produced by mixing acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide.
In addition to PAA (Peracetic acid), the resulting liquid concentrate also contains acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, water and stabilizers.
In what fields is PAA (Peracetic acid) used?
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a reliable disinfectant and is used in a wide range of fields:
-Commercial launderettes
-Food and drinks industry
-Agriculture/veterinary hygiene
-Pulp and paper industry
-Water and wastewater treatment
-Hospital hygiene
A powerful and sustainable sanitizer:
PAA (Peracetic acid)
Industries across the globe are dealing with two major trends developing in parallel:
Rising standards for disinfection accompanied by growing environmental scrutiny.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless, liquid organic formulation, responds to both these trends.
As the leading global supplier of high-quality PAA (Peracetic acid), Solvay draws upon years of experience to formulate this highly effective biocide for use in a growing number of applications:
-Disinfecting and sterilizing equipment and packaging to guarantee food quality and safety
-Protecting animal health and welfare by disinfecting houses and equipment
-Providing peracetic acid for the final treatment step in wastewater purification
-Cleaning and disinfecting industrial laundries used by hospitals and hotels
-Washing fruits, vegetables and meats to protect against harmful pathogens and food spoilage without impacting food quality
-Oxygenating soil through irrigation systems in the agricultural industry
-Protecting against biofouling in paper production
While PAA (Peracetic acid) has a burgeoning, results-based reputation for various applications in sanitation, disinfection and sterilization; it also provides an eco-friendly alternative to harsher products on the market.
Similar to hydrogen peroxide, PAA (Peracetic acid) decomposes into everyday molecules found all around us: water, oxygen and acetic acid ౼ a readily biodegradable molecule.
Key Markets of PAA (Peracetic acid):
-Aquaculture
-Aseptic Packaging
-Cleaning in Place
-Food & Beverages
-Food Processing
-Laundry
-Pulp & Paper
-Wastewater Treatment
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used in numerous applications, including as a chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and purifier during water treatment.
PAA (Peracetic acid)’s an often preferred cleaning agent because it leaves no toxic residue and it is no-rinse.
Given PAA (Peracetic acid)’s increasing popularity and use throughout multiple industries, more attention is now being focused on health hazards and associated risks when PAA is used in the workplace.
Moreover, PAA (Peracetic acid)’s ability to become airborne, the varying concentrations that may be used, and the relatively low occupational exposure limits (OELs) mean that if you are going to use PAA, there is an increased need to review company risk assessment procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE) choices for various applications of this substance.
Here, we will take a deeper dive into what PAA (Peracetic acid) is, the hazards employees may face if exposed to it, and controls employers can consider taking to help protect employees
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic compound produced by reacting acetic acid, a component of vinegar, and hydrogen peroxide.
This creates an equilibrium mixture of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and PAA (Peracetic acid).
The vapor above a PAA (Peracetic acid) solution contains all three of these compounds.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a strong oxidizer and a highly reactive, unstable, volatile peroxide-based molecule for which there is currently no NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) or OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL).
However, there are other established exposure limit values for PAA (Peracetic acid), which include:
-American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has published a threshold limit value–short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) of 0.4 ppm (1.24 mg/m3)
-EPA’s National Advisory Committee for the Development of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hazardous Substances has published acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs)
-NIOSH has proposed 0.64pm (1.7mg/m3) as an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) concentration value, which is currently under review
-The state of California HEAC is considering a PEL of 0.2ppm per 8hr TWA
-For more information, please see the technical data bulletin entitled: Worker Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Tips for Peracetic Acid Use in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.
In terms of potential health effects, PAA (Peracetic acid) may be corrosive to eyes and skin with direct contact and has some volatility, so worker exposure can occur to airborne aerosol and vapor.
PAA (Peracetic acid) Use in Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is commonly used as a broad-spectrum biocide in medical and industrial applications.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a powerful oxidizing agent that kills microorganisms by penetrating the cell wall.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is even effective against anthrax spores.
PAA (Peracetic acid)-containing products can have many applications where pharmaceuticals are manufactured, processed, or administered.
These activities often are accompanied by cleaning, sanitizing, disinfecting, sterilizing, or neutralizing and PAA (Peracetic acid)-containing products may be chosen by facilities for all these tasks.
Increased use of PAA (Peracetic acid) may also occur due to increased public scrutiny and regulatory pressure around contaminated products and worker health.
The nature of these cleaning and disinfecting tasks often means repeatedly using higher PAA (Peracetic acid) concentrations spread over large surface areas, which may result in significant worker exposures.
Keep in mind that these EPA-regulated products must be used according to label directions, which can limit potential opportunities for reducing exposure by changing the way a product is used (such as not spraying when the product label indicates to apply using a sprayer or not maintaining a wet surface for the prescribed contact time).
Air monitoring for PAA (Peracetic acid) can be challenging because it is highly reactive, PAA (Peracetic acid) can quickly degrade, PAA (Peracetic acid) is commonly found with other components, and the lack of a NIOSH or OSHA validated sampling method.
Improvements for monitoring are in demand because of the increased marketplace use of these products and evolving exposure concerns.
Qualitative assessments can be performed that are more academic and based on modeling, though that has proven to be challenging.
Also, quantitative exposure assessments should be conducted where required.
PAA (Peracetic acid) Use in the Food and Beverage Processing Industry
PAA (Peracetic acid)-containing products can have many applications where poultry, meat, vegetables, and beverages are processed.
These activities often are associated with cleaning, sanitizing, or sterilizing and PAA (Peracetic acid)containing products may be chosen for all these tasks where appropriate.
Increased use of PAA (Peracetic acid) may also be expected due to increased public scrutiny from food recalls and increasing Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) FDA regulatory pressure around contaminated food products.
What Is PAA (Peracetic acid)?
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a strong oxidising agent with excellent disinfectant properties.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic acid with an acrid odour, represented by the formula CH3CO3H.
What Is PAA (Peracetic acid) Used For?
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a common disinfection widely used in the food and beverage market and in the healthcare industry.
A more powerful oxidizing agent than its chlorine counterparts, PAA (Peracetic acid) has become increasingly popular since it was first registered as an antimicrobial substance in 1985.
As with all disinfectants, monitoring of residuals and dosing is important to ensure that levels are not too high or low.
However, unlike other common sanitizers, PAA (Peracetic acid) is effective at weakly acidic pH levels and its efficacy is not greatly impacted by temperature.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is described as an efficient “broad spectrum biocidal agent”.
This means that PAA (Peracetic acid) will effectively kill the majority of bacteria, including E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella which all cause food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses, and pseudomonas which can cause chest and blood infections.
Just like chlorine, PAA (Peracetic acid) is an oxidizing agent, and works as a disinfectant by damaging the cell walls of microorganisms that are present in the water.
Once the cell wall is damaged, the bacteria will die, and so no longer pose a threat to human/animal health.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is widely used as a disinfectant across the food and beverage industry, including for dairy, meat, poultry, brewing and bottling applications.
To find out about the role of PAA (Peracetic acid) in the poultry industry read our support article What Role Does Disinfection Play in Poultry Processing in the US.
A relatively expensive sanitiser, PAA (Peracetic acid) is popular due to reduced levels of disinfection by-products (DBP) because it breaks down into food-safe and environmentally friendly residues.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is effective in reducing the microbial load of wash water and reducing cross-contamination in food and beverage products.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits concentrations in produce wash water, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates PAA (Peracetic acid) as a general use pesticide.
A study by CEBAS has identified Palintest sensor technology as the best method for testing PAA (Peracetic acid) in produce wash water.
The study compared how 5 different test method measured PAA (Peracetic acid) in four types of wash water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a disinfectant used to kill harmful bacteria from drinking water streams.
PAA (Peracetic acid) produces fewer harmful DBPs than its chlorine counterpart.
Dosing control is critical in drinking water to ensure that the water has been effectively ‘cleaned’ but is not overdosed, posing potential danger, as well as affecting the taste of the final product.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used in a similar way to chlorine to help with debulking sludge in wastewater, as well as an effective disinfectant and odour control agent.
For wastewater applications, dosing control is vital to protect aquatic life and the environment.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used in some laundry detergents as a bleaching agent.
As PAA (Peracetic acid) is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide is converted to PAA using a catalyst to enhance the cleaning power of the detergent during the wash.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is rapidly tidal at low concentrations against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae under a wide variety of conditions.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also effective against anaerobic and spore forming bacteria.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is affective at killing biofilm microorganisms at low concentrations and short contact times.
Unlike a number of other biocides, the biocidal activity of PAA (Peracetic acid) is not affected by pH or water hardness and biocidal activity is retained even in the presence of organic matter.
For these reasons, PAA (Peracetic acid) is well suited as a biocide in industrial cooling water and papermaking systems.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is compatible with additives commonly used in these systems.
Although PAA (Peracetic acid) is a potent biocide, it is unique in that it does not produce toxic byproducts and its decomposition products, acetic acid, water and oxygen, are innocuous and environmentally acceptable.
INTRODUCTION to PAA (Peracetic acid):
Demand for microbial growth control is increasing throughout the industrial water treatment sector.
Microbial growth in cooling water, process water, and water purification systems causes reduced heat transfer efficiency, reduced flow, blockages, corrosion, and loss of yield.
The conventional method of controlling microbial growth is through the use of organic biocides.
While organic biocides do inhibit microbial growth, economic and environmental concerns require improved methods.
For these reasons, there is increasing interest in the use of peroxygen compounds as biocides in industrial water treatment applications.
Hydrogen peroxide has received attention over the years as a potential biocide for industrial water treatment applications.
One advantage of using hydrogen peroxide is that no harmful decomposition products preformed.
Factors which have limited these of hydrogen peroxide in industrial water treatment applications include poor activity at low temperatures and concentrations and decomposition by catalase and peroxidase.
It would be desirable to have a biocide with the advantages of hydrogen peroxide but with greater biocidal active and freedom from inactivation by catalase and peroxidase.
The peroxide of acetic acid, peroacetic acid, or PAA (Peracetic acid) is such a biocide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) formulations are equilibrium mixtures containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, water and stabilizer.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a more potent biocide than hydrogen peroxide, being rapidly tidal at low concentrations against abroad spectrum of microorganisms.
The biocidal activity of PAA (Peracetic acid) is due to the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, and double bonds in proteins, lipids and other cellular constituents which disrupts the chemiosmotic and transport functions of the cell membrane.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has previously only been used in the U.S. in the food industry at high concentrations (100-500 ppm peracetic acid).
Biodegradable, low residue PAA (Peracetic acid) disinfectant. An effective and versatile oxidising disinfectant which can be used for terminal disinfection (buildings, water systems, pathways etc), fogging and water sanitisation.
Chemical Names:
Peracetic acid; Ethaneperoxoic acid (IUPAC name); Acetic peroxide; Monoperacetic acid; Peroxoacetic acid; Acetyl hydroperoxide
PAA (Peracetic acid) is currently allowed under the National Organic Program (NOP) regulations for use in organic crop production, organic livestock production, and in organic food handling.
This report addresses the use of PAA (Peracetic acid) in organic processing and handling, including post-harvest handling of organically produced plant and animal foods.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is currently allowed for use in organic handling in wash water and rinse water, including during post-harvest handling, to disinfect organically produced agricultural products according to FDA limitations, and to sanitize food contact surfaces, including dairy-processing equipment and food-processing equipment and utensils
PAA (Peracetic acid) also known as peroxyacetic acid.
PAA (Peracetic acid) belongs to the group of peroxy acids and arises upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) dissolves in water and is characterised by a strong oxidising effect.
Due to the latter, PAA (Peracetic acid) is used as bleaching agent, but also as disinfectant, e.g. for surface and instrument disinfection.
PAA (Peracetic acid)'s spectrum of activity comprises Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses.
PAA (Peracetic acid)'s fixating properties in case of organic soils can have drawbacks when used as disinfectant.
Properties of the Substance: Pure anhydrous PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic substance which is completely miscible with water (water solubility of 1000 g/L at 20 °C) and is also soluble in ether, sulfuric acid and ethanol.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a strong oxidizing agent – stronger than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is highly unstable and decomposes to its original constituents under various conditions of temperature, concentration and pH.
PAA (Peracetic acid) decomposes violently at 230ºF (110ºC).
PAA (Peracetic acid) diluted with 60% acetic acid, when heated to decomposition, emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Pure PAA (Peracetic acid) is not commercially available because it is explosive.
For this reason it is not technically possible to determine the melting point, boiling point and vapor pressure of pure PAA (Peracetic acid) experimentally.
Estimates based on modeling have been reported as -42 °C for melting point, about 105 °C for boiling point and 32 hPa at 25 °C for vapor pressure.
The properties of commercial PAA (Peracetic acid) solutions vary based on concentrations (ratios) of their components (peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water) for different grades. The physical and chemical properties of commercial equilibrium grades of 5% - 35% PAA are generally consistent in composition
Specific Uses of PAA (Peracetic acid): The primary use of PAA (Peracetic acid) is as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing.
The current NOP regulations permit the use of PAA (Peracetic acid) as a disinfectant in wash water and rinse water for raw and processed fruits and vegetables and meat and eggs (direct food contact) according to FDA limitations, and as a sanitizer on food contact surfaces.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be utilized over a wide temperature spectrum (0 to 40ºC), in clean-in-place (CIP) processes, and in carbon dioxide-saturated environments.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can also be used with hard water.
In addition, protein residues do not affect its efficiency.
No microbial resistance to PAA (Peracetic acid) has been reported.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is efficient over a wide spectrum of pH values, from 3.0 to 7.5.
PAA (Peracetic acid) was first registered in the U.S. as a pesticide for use as a disinfectant, sanitizer and sterilant in 1985
PAA (Peracetic acid) preparations usually contain a synthetic stabilizer such as HEDP (1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1- diphosphonic acid) or dipicolinic acid (2,6-dicarboxy-pyridine) to slow the rate of oxidation or decomposition of peracetic acid.
These stabilizers are chelating agents that bind with metal ions and reduce their activity in solution.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is highly soluble in water (1000 g/L at 20ºC) and is also a highly reactive oxidizer.
Based on its vapor pressure, PAA (Peracetic acid) could be expected to exist primarily in the gas phase in the atmosphere.
In air the half-life of PAA (Peracetic acid) is 22 minutes.
The abiotic degradation of PAA (Peracetic acid) increases with temperature and higher pH.
At a temperature of 25 °C and at pH of 4, 7 and 9, the degradation half-life values were 48 hours, 48 hours and less than 3.6 hours, respectively.
PAA (Peracetic acid) exerts its oxidizing effect on contact with reducing materials, breaking down to water and acetic acid.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is also reported to have very low adsorption to soil.
Hydrogen peroxide, its co-active ingredient, also oxidizes on contact, breaking down into water and oxygen.
PAA (Peracetic acid) and hydrogen peroxide, therefore, degrade quickly and have low persistence in the environment and on food.
The Technical Report for hydrogen peroxide may be referenced for further information on the persistence or concentration of hydrogen peroxide and its by-products in the environment.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has been found in some instances to have beneficial effects related to environmental contamination.
One study reports peracetic acid to be effective in degrading toxic compounds benzo(a)pyrene and -methylnaphthalene in lake sediments through oxidation of the parent compound.
PAA (Peracetic acid) was readily biodegradable during a biodegradation test when its biocidal effect was prevented.
PAA (Peracetic acid) will be degraded in a sewage treatment plant if the influent concentration is not extremely high.
If effluents generated during the production or use of PAA (Peracetic acid) are treated by a waste water treatment plant, no emission of peracetic acid to the aquatic environment is expected.
Acetic acid, the byproduct of PAA (Peracetic acid), is also highly soluble, has low adsorption to soil, and biodegrades in water into carbon dioxide and water.
PAA (Peracetic acid)'s aerobic soil-half life is reported as an average of 0.05 days.
Thus, PAA (Peracetic acid) also has very low persistence in the environment.
The residual amounts of acetic acid on food sanitized with PAA (Peracetic acid) solutions are expected to be within levels considered acceptable for antimicrobials.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used for chemical sanitation of food surfaces and food contact surfaces.
The objective of chemical sanitation is elimination of microbiological threats to human health in the foods we eat.
The microbial load on foods is determined by practices from farm to fork, including on-farm worker sanitary practices (hand-washing, etc.), animal and poultry husbandry practices (crowding, Salmonella-free laying hens, etc.), animal and poultry slaughtering practices, rapid cooling, harvested produce storage and pest control, and the time interval between harvest and consumption or between harvesting and processing.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is the combination of two important and versatile compounds: hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
The two chemicals combine to form a new compound, PAA (Peracetic acid).
This is an equilibrium reaction where over a period of hours, PAA (Peracetic acid) is formed in situ by assuming elements of both reagents to form the new compound.
Since PAA (Peracetic acid) is an equilibrium product, it can be formulated to have varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or acetic acid; it’s important to note however, that the equilibrium product will still contain a measured amount of PAA.
Therefore, many different characteristics can be produced.
For example, some FDA formulated products have very high levels of acid and lower levels of hydrogen peroxide; which reduce the possibility of discoloring the skin of either meat or poultry carcasses that are being treated.
Conversely, other formulations may have a higher percentage of hydrogen peroxide that arrest various microorganisms like yeast and molds.
Benefits of PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) is regularly used in a variety of industries due to its many benefits.
PERACETIC ACID IS EFFECTIVE AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF MICROORGANISMS
Microbes cost industry billions of dollars per year spent in compromised product.
Microbes contaminate and spoil finished products – everything from food to water systems to paper and paint products.
We’re able to quickly detect and quantitate specific microorganisms.
PAA (Peracetic acid) provides quick results, allowing our customers to act immediately.
PAA (Peracetic acid) breaks down safely to environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) with no toxic byproducts.
PERACETIC ACID PROVIDES EFFECTIVE ODOR CONTROL
Odor control solutions containing peracetic acid do not require multiple chemicals to generate and are considered a more powerful and stable oxidizer than hydrogen peroxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) and Food Production:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used for sanitizing of food contact surfaces, sanitizing and disinfecting of animal premises and as a food processing aid for antimicrobial intervention without imparting odors, colors, or flavors to the finished product.
MEAT APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in process water and ice used to spray, wash, rinse, or dip meat carcasses, parts, trim, and organs; and in chiller water or scald water for meat carcasses, parts, trim, and organs.
POULTRY APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in process water and ice used to spray, wash, rinse, or dip poultry carcasses, parts, trim, and organs; and in chiller water, immersion baths (e.g. Less than 40o f), or scald water for poultry carcasses, parts, trim, and organs.
PROCESSED AND PREFORMED MEAT APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in water, brine, and ice for washing, rinsing, or cooling of processed or pre-formed meat products.
PROCESSED AND PREFORMED POULTRY APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in water, brine, and ice for washing, rinsing, or cooling of processed and pre-formed poultry products.
BRINE, SAUCE, AND MARINADE APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in brines, sauces, and marinades applied either on the surface or injected into processed or unprocessed, cooked or uncooked, whole or cut poultry parts pieces.
SURFACE SAUCES AND MARINADE APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in surface sauces and in marinades applied on processed and pre-formed meat and poultry products.
FISH AND SEAFOOD APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in process water and ice used to commercially prepare fish and seafood.
SHELL EGG APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in process water for washing shell eggs.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used in process water and ice used for washing or chilling fruits and vegetables.
NUTS AND SEEDS APPLICATIONS
PAA (Peracetic acid) may be used as a spray on seeds for sprouting and on edible seeds and nuts.
APPLICATIONS FOR PERACETIC ACID IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PAA (Peracetic acid) has many applications related to the treatment of process water, cooling water and wastewater.
These may include:
-The treatment of water used in primary or secondary oil and gass recovery systems to control anaerobic sulfide forming bacteria and aerobic slime forming bacteria
-Control of slime forming bacteria and biofouling in recirculating cooling water systems, non-food contact water systems and ornamental or recreation water
-Oil and gas used in the treatment of produced water, cooling water, influent systems, retort water systems, irrigation water systems and wastewater
PAA (Peracetic acid) is one of the few sporicidals that can perform this job safely and effectively.
The key reason for this is that PAA (Peracetic acid) is an effective sporicide at very low concentrations (less than 1%).
Adding to the case of PAA (Peracetic acid) is that the chemical is also listed in <1072> classification as a validated cold sterilant.
So, PAA (Peracetic acid) represents a doubly effective chemistry.
When you consider that the only other chemicals validated as both a sporicidal agent and sterilant by the USP <1072> are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is deployed in a vapor form and at high concentration (far over 10%), and Ethylene oxide, you understand the need for a more user-friendly option.
PAA (Peracetic acid) at 0.015% concentration in a liquid form can be used for daily low level biodecontamination in aseptic rooms replacing bleach (toxic and corrosive), quaternary ammonium, or other low-level biocides.
Advantages of PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) has additional benefits which increase its value as an ideal cleanroom sporicidal agent, including:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is fully biodegradable (breaks down into oxygen, water, and acetic acid).
PAA (Peracetic acid) leaves no residual on the surfaces after it evaporates.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be validated as a sterilant even at a very low concentration level.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be used in both liquid and/or vapor (dry fog) form, is fully compatible with modern cleanroom materials, and is available at a pharmaceutical grade chemical purity level.
FDA and USP guidelines play a big part in developing pharmaceutical activities in facilities all over the world.
Developing effective, compliant disinfection procedures for the facilities is where the users of disinfectants sometimes get in trouble.
The best course of action for users to save time and money is to follow the recommendations set forth by the USP <1072>, getting the right efficacy, and simplifying the protocols.
When considering the risk vs. the benefits, PAA (Peracetic acid) is one of the better choices for cleanroom disinfection, and it is now being used by more and more biopharma companies.
PAA (Peracetic acid) was first registered as a disinfectant in 1985 by the EPA.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is produced by combining acetic acid (vinegar) and hydrogen peroxide.
The result is a peroxide version of acetic acid (vinegar) that has a very distinctive and a pungent vinegary smell.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a weak acid compared to acetic acid but can be highly corrosive if not used at the appropriate dilutions.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a versatile chemical that can be used in a variety of applications with its main use as a disinfectant product in food and beverage processing/producing plants due to the fact that it leaves no harmful residues and decomposes into harmless by-products.
As a cleaner, PAA (Peracetic acid) performs poorly as it lacks detergency properties.
As alluded to in previous blogs, you may wonder whether increasing the concentration of this acid would benefit its cleaning.
The answer in short is: No.
A higher concentration would not increase its cleaning abilities and in fact would lead to an increase in corrosiveness.
As a germicide, PAA (Peracetic acid) shows fairly strong efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
Like many disinfectants, the temperature, pH and concentration all play a significant role in determining the antimicrobial properties.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is bactericidal at 10ppm, fungicidal at 30 ppm and virucidal at 400 ppm in a 5 minute contact time.
Furthermore, PAA (Peracetic acid) is sporicidal at concentrations of 3000 ppm.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is more effective at slightly higher temperatures and its germicidal activity increases at higher pH ranges.
Combinations of PAA (Peracetic acid) and hydrogen peroxide further boost the efficacy profile, as this blend can prevent the formation of biofilms on hard surfaces.
The method by which PAA (Peracetic acid) attacks pathogens is through the reaction with the cellular walls.
This leads to breakdown of cell membranes and cellular death due to cell content leakage.
An issue regarding PAA (Peracetic acid) usage is its stability.
In the presence of water, PAA (Peracetic acid) breaks down quickly.
This would have a direct affect on the viability of the product over time.
PAA (Peracetic acid)’s safety profile can also be closely correlated to its concentration.
The higher the concentration, the worse the safety profile is.
For example, an in use solution of PAA (Peracetic acid) of 5% has relatively low oral toxicity at this dilution.
However, respiratory issues, including occupational asthma development associated with PAA (Peracetic acid) have been reported.
Further, PAA (Peracetic acid) can strongly sensitize respiratory organs and cause mucus membrane inflammation.
Furthermore PAA (Peracetic acid) is important to be weary of skin and eye exposure as it can cause irritation.
Overall, PAA (Peracetic acid) proper care needs to be taken in its use.
The environmental profile of PAA (Peracetic acid) once again depends on the concentrations encountered.
At high concentrations, PAA (Peracetic acid) can be toxic.
However, in use concentrations do not pose major threats to the environment.
Furthermore, PAA (Peracetic acid) is a readily decomposable substance and breaks down to products that are not considered harmful to the environment.
Cleaning Effectiveness:
PAA (Peracetic acid) has poor cleaning capabilities.
Safety Profile:
PAA (Peracetic acid) has a safe oral toxicity, however, it is sensitizing to the respiratory tract and irritating to skin and the eyes.
Environmental Profile:
PAA (Peracetic acid) readily decomposes and its primary and secondary products are all deemed non-harmful to the environment.
Cost Effectiveness:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is readily available from various manufacturers and can be found in both concentrated and ready-to-use formats.
Properties of PAA (Peracetic acid):
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an organic chemical compound that is used in a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colourless liquid that has a strong vinegar-like odour that can be smelt at very low levels.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a very powerful oxidant, which means that PAA removes electrons from other reactants.
PAA (Peracetic acid) chemical is highly reactive but breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water so it leaves no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for a food-safe antimicrobial.
The process for using peracetic acid as a disinfectant can simply be defined by a combination of hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water.
PAA (Peracetic acid) functions as a disinfectant by oxidizing the outer cell membrane of microbes.
The stronger the solution of PAA (Peracetic acid), the more effective it is as an antimicrobial, but the more dangerous to everyone around.
This highly biocidal oxidiser removes surface contaminants, such as viruses and spores, in many different ways.
What are the dangers of PAA (Peracetic acid)?
According to NIOSH. Concentrations of 15% or higher, also give rise to fire and explosion hazards and reactivity issues.
It is important to ensure that training and safety precautions for PAA (Peracetic acid) are in place.
Another major concern is that PAA (Peracetic acid) has a pungent vinegar type odour, even at low levels.
If you are working around PAA (Peracetic acid) and do not smell it, it's more than likely it is due to olfactory fatigue.
Olfactory fatigue is also known as nose blindness or odour fatigue.
While making sure the items you're disinfecting are safe, make sure to keep track of peracetic acid safety where you work.
Description of PAA (Peracetic acid):
Bleaching agent for food starch.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a component of antimicrobial washes for poultry carcasses and fruit.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be used as a bleaching agent especially for Kraft pulp.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used at weakly acidic pH and relatively low temperature.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a relative efficient and selective bleaching agent, and it is often used as an alternative to chlorine dioxide and elemental chlorine in totally chlorine free bleaching sequences (TCF).
PAA (Peracetic acid) is however relatively expensive, and is difficult to store due to its high reactivity.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a much weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an ideal antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalase and peroxidase, the enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.
PAA (Peracetic acid) also breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide), and therefore can be used in non-rinse applications.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be used over a wide temperature range (0-40 °C), wide pH range (3.0-7.5), in clean-in-place (CIP) processes, in hard water conditions, and is not affected by protein residues
Where is PAA (Peracetic acid) used?
Workplaces where PAA (Peracetic acid) is used include:
-Meat and poultry processing plants
-Dairy and cheese processing plants
-Healthcare facilities
-Food establishments
-Beverage plants, including breweries and wineries
-Paper and pulp facilities
-Water treatment facilities
-Cooling water towers
PAA (Peracetic acid) or Peroxyacetic Acid is a strong oxidizer useful for high level disinfection and sterilization.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is used as a delignifying and brightening agent in the production of environmentally friendly TCF and ECF pulps.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is an excellent product for post-bleaching of pulps.
High and consistent pulp brightness of the pulp, with good stability, can be achieved via post-bleaching using Peracetic acid in storage towers of bleached pulp.
Post-bleaching is an outstanding tool for producing a fiber quality that meets downstream needs.
Mills previously having problems with brightness variation, reaching brightness targets, post-bleach yellowing, and cleanliness of pulp or paper have successfully applied it.
Additionally, a reduction in consumption of optical brighteners and biocides can be obtained with improved retention of wet end chemicals.
The overall costs in the pulp and papermaking process will be reduced with the help of Peracetic acid post-bleaching.
PAA (Peracetic acid) application in Wine:
PAA (Peracetic acid) is gaining popularity as a sanitizing agent in the wine industry for its broad microbicidal capacity, and rapid, on-contact efficacy under a range of conditions.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can be used to sanitize a range of surfaces and equipment, including tanks, pumps, lines, and filters, and is non-corrosive to stainless steel at the dilute usage concentrations.
Moreover, PAA (Peracetic acid) is a non-chlorinated cleaning agent, so will not form trichloroanisole (TCA; “cork taint”), which is formed through chlorine–phenol reactivity and enymatic conversion by molds, and also will not add salinity to process water, causing waste disposal problems, and therefore does not carry many of the problems posed by other sanitizing agents, such as trisodium phosphate (TSP).
PAA (Peracetic acid), the antimicrobial properties of peroxyacetic acid, was first described in 1902.
However, PAA (Peracetic acid) was more than 50 years before PAA was “rediscovered” and commercially introduced.
The long lag time was likely caused by a lack of understanding of how to stabilize PAA (Peracetic acid) solutions and by reports of spontaneous decomposition of highly concentrated solutions.
Today, PAA (Peracetic acid) has become a common choice of sanitizer/disinfectant for breweries because of its broad antimicrobial activity and its “compatibility” with beer.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a clear liquid shipped in specially vented containers similar to those used for bleach and hydrogen peroxide.
In concentrate and strong-use solutions, PAA (Peracetic acid) exhibits a strong, characteristic odor reminiscent of acetic acid or vinegar, especially when handled or agitated.
PAA (Peracetic acid) solutions are produced by mixing acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution, often assisted through a sulfuric acid catalyst.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has a very high oxidation potential and is therefore an ideal antimicrobial agent.
PAA (Peracetic acid) has an extremely broad killing spectrum and is effective against bacteriophages and spores.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is a very effective cold sanitizer and can be used over a wide range of temperatures (0°C–40°C) as well as a wide range of pH (1–7.5).
PAA (Peracetic acid) is non-foaming and therefore an excellent choice for use in cleaning in place applications.
PAA (Peracetic acid) is relatively unstable and breaks down readily into acetic acid (acetate), water, and atomic oxygen.
This form of oxygen poses no risk of oxidation to beers that come into contact with it.
These breakdown products are environmentally friendly and PAA (Peracetic acid) is certified for use in the production of organic beers.
Brewers appreciate the effectiveness of PAA (Peracetic acid); however, it must be handled carefully because it is highly concentrated and can cause burns
PAA (Peracetic acid) is only available in acidified, stabilized solutions with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
The compositions and strengths of the products vary, with active concentrations of PAA (Peracetic acid) typically ranging 5-15 percent/L.
This relatively broad concentration range is the first thing to consider when planning water treatment.
PAA (Peracetic acid) products are used in most of the rearing phases, for egg disinfection and water quality control in hatcheries, raceways, growout tanks and delivery ponds.
PAA (Peracetic acid) can efficiently control parasites, reduce dinoflagellates and suppress fungal infections related to the handling of broodstock.
PAA (Peracetic acid) applications:
Choosing the correct dose of PAA (Peracetic acid) depends on the water composition, fish size, temperature and system design.
Treatment protocols include pulse dosage, where the chemical is added once on a daily basis.
They can also include repetitive additions or continuous low dosage over prolonged periods.
Preferred IUPAC name:
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Other names:
Peroxyacetic acid
Acetic peroxide
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Proxitane
Synonyms:
Acetic peroxide
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Acide peracetique
Acide peroxyacetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Desoxon 1
Estosteril
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Kyselina peroxyoctova
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
PAA
peracetic acid . . . %
Peracetic acid generated from 1,3-diacetyloxypropan-2-yl acetate and hydrogen peroxide
Peracetic acid generated from tetra-acetylethylenediamine (TAED) and sodium percarbonate
Peracetic acid generated from tetraacetylethylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid
Proxitane 4002
% peroksiacto rūgštis (lt)
Acid peracetic (ro)
Acid peracetic sintetizat din tetraacetiletilenediamină (TAED) și percarbonat de sodiu (ro)
acid peracetic. . . % (ro)
acide peracétique à … % . . (fr)
Acide péracétique (fr)
Acide péracétique produit à partir de tétracétyléthylènediamine (TAED) et de percarbonate de sodium (fr)
Acido peracetico (it)
acido peracetico . . . % (it)
Acido peracetico ottenuto da tetracetiletilendiamina (TAED) e percarbonato di sodio (it)
Aċidu peraċetiku (mt)
Aċidu peraċetiku ġġenerat minn tetra-aċetiletilenedijamina (TAED) u perkarbonat tas-sodju (mt)
Kwas nadoctowy (pl)
kwas nadoctowy ...% (pl)
Kwas nadoctowy uzyskany z tetraacetyloetylenodiaminy (TAED) i nadwęglanu sodu (pl)
kyselina peroxyctová (sk)
kyselina peroxyoctová (cs)
kyselina peroxyoctová ... % (sk)
Kyselina peroxyoctová připravená z tetraacetyletylendiaminu (TAED) a peroxouhličitanu sodného (cs)
No tetra-acetiletilēndiamīna (TAED) un nātrija perkarbonāta iegūta peroksietiķskābe (lv)
Per-azijnzuur (nl)
Peracetic acid (no)
Peracetic acid generated from tetra-acetylethylenediamine (TAED) and sodium percarbonate (sk)
perazijnzuur . . . % (nl)
Perazijnzuur, verkregen uit tetra-acetylethyleendiamine (TAED) en natriumpercarbonaat (nl)
Perecetsav (hu)
perecetsav …% (hu)
pereddikesyre (da)
pereddikesyre . . . % (da)
Pereddikesyre genereret fra tetraacetylethylendiamin (TAED) og natriumpercarbonat (da)
pereddiksyre ... % (no)
Pereddiksyre generert fra tetraacetylendiamin (TAED) og natriumperkarbonat (no)
Peressigsäure (de)
Peressigsäure . . . % (de)
Peressigsäure, hergestellt aus Tetraacetylethylendiamin (TAED) und Natriumpercarbonat (de)
Peretikkahappo (fi)
peretikkahappo . . . % (fi)
Perocetna kislina (sl)
perocetna kislina, pridobljena iz tetraacetil etilendiamina (TAED) in natrijevega perkarbonata (sl)
perocetna kislina...% (sl)
Peroctena kiselina (hr)
peroctena kiselina . . . % (hr)
Peroctena kiselina dobivena iz tetraacetiletilendiamina (TAED) i natrijevog perkarbonata (hr)
Peroksiacto rūgštis (lt)
Peroksiacto rūgštis, gauta iš tetraacetiletilendiamino (TAED) ir natrio peroksokarbonato (lt)
Peroksietiķskābe (lv)
peroksyeddiksyre ... % (no)
peroxyoctová kyselina...% (cs)
Perättiksyra (sv)
perättiksyra . . . % (sv)
Perättiksyra som framställs från tetraacetyletylendiamin (TAED) och natriumperkarbonat (sv)
Peräädikhape (et)
Peräädikhape … % (et)
peräädikhape, mis saadakse tetraatsetüületüleendiamiinist (TAED) ja naatriumperkarbonaadist (et)
Tetra-asetyylietyleenidiamiinista (TAED) ja natriumperkarbonaatista tuotettu peretikkahappo (fi)
Tetraacetil-etilén-diaminból (TAED) és nátrium-perkarbonátból előállított perecetsav (hu)
Ácido peracético (es)
Ácido peracético (pt)
ácido peracético . . . % (es)
ácido peracético . . . % (pt)
Ácido peracético generado a partir de tetraacetiletilendiamina y percarbonato de sodio (es)
Ácido peracético produzido a partir de tetra-acetiletilenodiamina (TAED) e percarbonato de sódio (pt)
Υπεροξικό οξύ (el)
υπεροξικό οξύ . . . % (el)
Υπεροξικό οξύ που παράγεται από τετρα-ακετυλοαιθυλενοδιαμίνη (TAED) και υπερανθρακικό νάτριο (el)
Пероцетна киселина (bg)
Пероцетна киселина, генерирана от тетраацетилетилендиамин (TAED) и натрив перкарбонат (bg)
пероцетна киселина...% (bg)
…% paraetiķskābe (lv)
CAS names:
Ethaneperoxoic acid
IUPAC names:
Ethaneperoxoic acid
ethaneperoxoic acid
PAA
PERACETIC ACID
Peracetic acid
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid
Peracetic acid
peracetic acid . . . %
peracetic acid ...%Peracetic acid anhydrous
Peracetic acid generated by perhydrolysis of N-acetylcaprolactam by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline conditions
Peracetic acid generated from 1,3-diacetyloxypropan-2-yl acetate and hydrogen peroxide
Peracetic acid generated from tetra-acetylethylenediamine (TAED) and sodium percarbonate
Peracetic acid generated from tetraacetylethylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxyacetic Acid
peroxyacetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid - Aqueous stabilised solution
Peroxyethanoic Acid
Reaction mass of 64-19-7 and 7722-84-1
Reaction mass of hydrogen peroxide and water
PERACETIC ACID
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Ethaneperoxic acid
Caswell No. 644
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
Acide peracetique [French]
CCRIS 686
Acide peroxyacetique [French]
Acido peroxiacetico [Spanish]
Kyselina peroxyoctova [Czech]
HSDB 1106
EINECS 201-186-8
I6KPI2E1HD
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201
BRN 1098464
CHEMBL444965
NCGC00166305-01
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide [Forbidden]
Acide peracetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Acide peroxyacetique
F50
Kyselina peroxyoctova
LCAP
Aceticperoxide
peractic acid
per-acetic acid
Peroxacetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid, ca.35wt.% sol. in diluted acetic acid, stabilized
acetic acid oxide
Peroxy acetic acid
AcOOH
Acecide (TN)
ACMC-20egd0
CH3CO2OH
Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI
CH3C(O)OOH
DSSTox_CID_5853
$l^{1}-oxidanyl acetate
EC 201-186-8
DSSTox_RID_77948
DSSTox_GSID_25853
4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXSID1025853
CTK2H7553
Tox21_112402
BDBM50266095
ZINC38141555
AKOS015837803
C(C)(=[O+][O-])O
DB14556
LS-1775
CAS-79-21-0
SC-46796
747-EP2272817A1
747-EP2272822A1
747-EP2284148A1
747-EP2284161A1
747-EP2287147A2
747-EP2287160A1
747-EP2298755A1
747-EP2301934A1
747-EP2305662A1
747-EP2311811A1
747-EP2311814A1
747-EP2311842A2
Peracetic acid solution, 8.7% in acetic acid
D03467
Q375140
Peracetic acid solution, 36-40 wt. % in acetic acid
Peracetic acid solution 32 wt. % in dilute acetic acid
Peracetic acid solution, 32 wt. % in dilute acetic acid
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide
Peracetic acid solution, purum, ~39% in acetic acid (RT)
Peracetic acid solution, purum, ~40% in acetic acid: water
Disinfectants Peracetic acid
Peracetic acid
ACETIC PEROXIDE
ACETYL HYDROPEROXIDE
DESOXON 1
ESTOSTERIL
ETHANEPEROXOIC ACID
HYDROPEROXIDE, ACETYL
MONOPERACETIC ACID
OSBON AC
OXYPEL
PERACETIC ACID
PERETHANOIC ACID
PEROXOACETIC ACID
PEROXYACETIC ACID
PEROXYACETIC ACID {PERACETIC ACID}
PROXITANE 12A
PROXITANE 1507
PROXITANE 4002
PROXITANE S
Trade names:
ASPERIX®
Oxystrong
PERACLEAN®
Proxitane