Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)'s chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0.
IUPAC Name: Hexadecanoic acid
CAS Number: 57-10-3
EC Number: 200-312-9
Chemical formula: C16H32O2
Other names:
palmitic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, 57-10-3, Cetylic acid, palmitate, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecylic acid, Hydrofol, n-Hexadecoic acid, 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, Palmitinic acid, hexaectylic acid, Pentadecanecarboxylic acid, hexadecoic acid, 1-Hexyldecanoic Acid, Industrene 4516, Emersol 140, Emersol 143, Hystrene 8016, Hystrene 9016, Kortacid 1698, FEMA No. 2832, Loxiol EP 278, Hydrofol Acid 1690, Cetyl acid, Prifac 2960, C16:0, HSDB 5001, Pristerene 4934, Pristerene-4934, Edenor C16, NSC 5030, AI3-01594, Lunac P 95KC, Lunac P 95, Lunac P 98, CCRIS 5443, Prifac-2960, CHEBI:15756, NSC5030, NSC-5030, EINECS 200-312-9, UNII-2V16EO95H1, FA 16:0, BRN 0607489, Palmitic acid (NF), DTXSID2021602, Glycon P-45, IMEX C 1498, 2V16EO95H1, Hexadecanoic acid (9CI), MFCD00002747, Palmitic acid (7CI,8CI), CHEMBL82293, DTXCID101602, CH3-[CH2]14-COOH, EC 200-312-9, 4-02-00-01157, n-hexadecoate, LMFA01010001, PA 900, EDENOR C 16-98-100, 67701-02-4, FA 1695, SURFAXIN COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID, 1-hexyldecanoate, NCGC00164358-01, LUCINACTANT COMPONENT PALMITIC ACID, pentadecanecarboxylate, HEXADECANOIC-11,11,12,12-D4 ACID, CH3-(CH2)14-COOH, Palmitic acid; Hexadecanoic acid, PLM, palmic acid, Acid, Palmitic, CAS-57-10-3, Acid, Hexadecanoic, SR-01000944716, Palmitic acid [USAN:NF], palmitoate, Hexadecoate, Palmitinate, Palmitinsaure, palmitic-acid, palmitoic acid, Hexadecanoicacid, Aethalic acid, 2hmb, 2hnx, Palmitic acid_jeyam, n-Hexadecyclic Acid, fatty acid 16:0, Palmitic Acid, FCC, Kortacid 1695, Palmitic acid_RaGuSa, Univol U332, 1219802-61-5, Prifrac 2960, Hexadecanoic--d5 Acid, 3v2q, bmse000590, Epitope ID:141181, CETYL ACID [VANDF], SCHEMBL6177, WLN: QV15, P5585_SIGMA, PALMITIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL1055, QSPL 166, (1(1)(3)C)hexadecanoic acid, 1b56, HMS3649N08, HY-N0830, Tox21_112105, Tox21_201671, Tox21_302966, AC9381, BDBM50152850, s3794, AKOS005720983, Tox21_112105_1, CCG-267027, CR-0047, DB03796, NCGC00164358-02, NCGC00164358-03, NCGC00256424-01, NCGC00259220-01, BP-27917, SY006518, CS-0009861, FT-0626965, FT-0772579, P0002, P1145, EN300-19603, C00249, D05341, A831313, Q209727, SR-01000944716-1, SR-01000944716-2, BA71C79B-C9B1-451A-A5BE-B480B5CC7D0C, F0001-1488, Z104474418
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats.
Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), amounting to 50–60% of total fats.
Palmitates are the salts and esters of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
The palmitate anion is the observed form of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) at physiologic pH (7.4).
Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat.
Occurrence and production
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.
This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high-temperature water, and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled.
Dietary sources
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.
Karukas contain 44.90% Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
The cetyl ester of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), cetyl palmitate, occurs in spermaceti.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) content of common foods
Food % of total calories
Palm oil 45.1%
Beef tallow 26.5%
Butter fat 26.2%
Cocoa butter 25.8%
Lard 24.8%
Cottonseed oil 24.7%
Chicken 23.2%
Corn oil 12.2%
Peanut oil 11.6%
Soybean oil 11%
Coconut oil 8.4%
Palm kernel oil 8%
Rapeseed oil 3.6%
Biochemistry
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.
As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major body component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.
Applications
Surfactant
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents.
These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.
To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm trees (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Foods
Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouthfeel" to processed foods (convenience food), Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs.
Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.
Military
Aluminium salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm.
The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Research
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is well accepted in the medical community that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) from dietary sources raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol.
The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) increases cardiovascular disease risk.
A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Appearance: White crystals
Density: 0.852 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 62.9 °C
Boiling point: 351–352 °C
Solubility in water: 4.6 mg/L (0 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 2 g/100 mL (0 °C)
Solubility in methyl acetate: 7.81 g/100 g
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 10.7 g/100 g
Vapor pressure: 0.051 mPa (25 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 4.75
Molecular Weight: 256.42 g/mol
XLogP3: 6.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 14
Exact Mass: 256.240230259 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 256.240230259 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 178
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Consumer Uses
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, polishes and waxes, air care products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, plant protection products, finger paints, adhesives and sealants and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
Other release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Article service life
Release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting) and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines). Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and paper used for packaging (excluding food packaging).
Widespread uses by professional workers
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, coating products, polishes and waxes, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following products: polymers, pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, inks and toners, finger paints, lubricants and greases, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses at industrial sites
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products and lubricants and greases.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), a term for fatty acids containing 13 to 21 carbons.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) contains 16 carbons. This acid is found in most fats and oils, such as soybean oil.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be found naturally in plants and animals and created in laboratories.
Additionally, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in foods such as palm oil, butter, meat, milk, and cheese.
Soybean oil is commonly found throughout human food and has many other applications as well.
One part of soybean oil is Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Many think that lowering the Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) in soybean oil would reduce the fatty acid in the oil and increase the oil’s quality, making it better for humans to eat.
The Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) structure contains a 16-carbon backbone.
The Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) molecular formula contains C16H32O2, which is 16 carbon, 32 hydrogens, and 2 oxygen.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a molecular weight of 256.42.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is commonly used in personal care products and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a bad reputation, primarily because it has been shown to have negative health effects.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been linked to several conditions, including brain diseases and cancer.
However, studies don't necessarily agree on this.
Associations between palmitic oil and an increased risk of breast cancer were found in one study but not in another, for example.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be observed in Escherichia coli, or E. coli, and an aged mouse’s brain as a metabolite, which is a substance that deals with the metabolism.
The appearance of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be in a dry powder form, liquid, or other solid material.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is often colorless with white crystalline scales.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a slight distinctive odor and taste but otherwise is odorless.
When heated and decayed, it gives off an acrid smoke.
The fumes from the smoke can be irritating.
As the first fatty acid to be produced during initial fatty acid synthesis, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a primary part of an animal’s body. Additionally, in humans, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been seen to make up 21% to 30% of human depository fat.
It can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap fluid), feces, saliva, sweat, and urine, and also in tissues, including adipose tissue a.k.a. body fat, the bladder, skin, certain cells called fibroblasts, kidney, placenta, platelet, prostate, and skeletal muscle.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also known as hexadecanoic acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) Uses
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has several uses.
For example, it can be used to test the hardness in water and is a part of the intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent Levovist, which is used during ultrasounds to detect certain diseases.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can promote smooth skin, so it’s found in many soaps.
Additionally, the popular ingredient beeswax, often found in personal care items, also houses Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Cosmetic-wise, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be found in makeup used to hide imperfections such as pimples and blackheads.
Another common use for Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is in cleaning products, typically surface-active agents, such as detergent.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also used when making metallic palmitates, food-grade additives, and lube oils.
Harmful Effects of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)
Besides an association with breast cancer, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been found to cause other harmful effects, including:
Genetic disorders: Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been linked to cholesteryl ester storage disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and glycerol kinase deficiency.
These disorders are called inborn errors of metabolism.
Cholesteryl ester storage disease is a disease affecting the liver, ethylmalonic encephalopathy is a disease primarily of the nervous system, and glycerol kinase deficiency is a disease that causes excessive enzyme defects.
Nontypified gene mutations: A nontypified gene mutation, also known as organic acidemia, can occur in those who consume palmitic oil.
This mutation causes mevalonic aciduria, which is a more severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency, a genetic autoinflammatory disorder.
Circulatory system disorders: Circulatory system disorders have also been associated with palmitic oil.
These disorders include blood and lymphatic system disorder, or hypercholesterolemia.
Nervous system disorders: Nervous system disorders, primarily of the central nervous system, have been linked to palmitic oils. This includes the psychiatric disorder of schizophrenia.
Digestive system disorders: Palmitic oil can also cause digestive issues, primarily in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
This issue is known as eosinophilic esophagitis.
A study released in the journal Nature notes that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) feeds tumors, causing them to expand and become more aggressive. Tumors that have been exposed to Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) are left with memory markers.
Memory markers allow tumors to hold onto a significant amount of metastatic or spreading capacity.
The effects Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has on tumors can last for several months. Due to this study, it can be determined that a Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)–favoring diet may speed up the progression of cancer.
In addition, saturated fatty acids, including Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)s, have been shown to promote pro-inflammatory responses.
This has been observed in human immune cells.
While researchers have witnessed their pro-inflammatory powers, how it promotes pro-inflammatory responses is unknown.
A few other disorders and diseases have been linked to Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), including chemical and drug-induced liver injury, fatty liver, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognition disorders.
There have been multiple studies done on the effects of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) in rats.
One study found that rats fed 4.6 grams of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) a day for six weeks ended up with hyperlipidemia, a condition in which the blood produces too much fat.
Another study found that another group of rats developed atherosclerotic abrasions, and hardening of the arteries, when given 6% Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) in their diets over the course of 16 weeks.
Despite these studies and claims, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has said that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substance.
Due to this, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is often considered an OK additive in food and the making of certain foods.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (16:0) is the primary saturated fatty acid in most diets.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) constitutes about 25% of the fatty acids of beef or pork fat, but only 6–10% of the fatty acids of sunflower, safflower, peanut, or soy oils (see Table 6.8).
Dietary Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) increases LDL-cholesterol.
Myristic acid (14:0) is present at high levels in butterfat and in the “tropical oils” palm oil and coconut oil.
Although myristic acid elevates LDL-cholesterol, it is generally a rather minor component of the diet.
Stearic acid (18:0) is also a major component of many fats and oils.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) constitutes 15–20% of the fatty acids of beef or pork fat, but only 4–5% of those in vegetable oils.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.
Acylation of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (200 µM) increases NF-ĸB p65 levels, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, as well as increases migration of AsPC-1 cells.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) increases COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells and increases LPS-induced IL-1β levels and caspase-1 activity in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Dietary administration of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (2.2% w/w for 12 weeks) increases mouse hippocampal β-secretase 1 (BACE1) activity and amyloid β levels.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) also induces systolic contractile dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts.
Red blood cell Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (16 carbon atoms), from the French word “palmitique”, was first purified by Chevreul M.E. in his research on butter and tallow (also known as beef fat) but surely characterized by Frémy E. in 1840 in saponified palm oil, from which its name.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid (no double bond so in shorthand 16:0) member of the sub-group called long chain fatty acids (LCFA), from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis in humans and the fatty acid from which longer fatty acids can be produced.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the commonest saturated fatty acids in plant and animal lipids, where it occurs as glycerol ester.
In fresh red and white meat, it is present in small quantities, with the highest values in the lamb, rabbit thigh, pork loin, and whole chicken with skin, all close to 2 g/100 g of edible portion.
CH3(CH2)14COOH, a monobasic saturated carboxylic acid; colorless crystals.
Melting point, 63.1°C; boiling point, 351.5°C.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is insoluble in water and moderately soluble in alcohol, benzene, and acetone.
Along with stearic acid, it is the most widely distributed saturated fatty acid in nature, occurring as an ester of glycerol in nearly all the known natural fats.
The average Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) glyceride content in palm oil is 32–40 percent; in butter, 25 percent; in bean oil, 6.5 percent; and in pork fat, 30 percent.
Esters of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and higher alcohols form waxes; for example, the cetyl ester of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the principal constituent of spermaceti wax, and the myricyl ester is the main component of beeswax.
Coenzyme A is involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is usually isolated by rectification or fractional recrystallization from acid mixtures that are obtained through the saponification of fats.
Certain Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) esters are used in the manufacture of detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) salts, along with the salts of certain other carboxylic acids, are classified as detergents.
In combination with stearic acid, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a constituent of stearin.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid occurring as combustible white crystals in many natural oils (such as spermaceti and palm oil) and fats.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is most commonly produced from palm oil, although it is found in smaller amounts in other vegetable oils as well as dairy and meat.
To produce pure Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), the oil is boiled to break the fatty acids off of the glycerol and then the different acids are separated out based on their boiling point.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)'s chemical formula: C16H32O2.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in making soaps.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products.
Palmitate is the salts and esters of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
The palmitate anion is the observed form of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) at physiologic pH (7.4).
In skin care products it is commonly used in the form of an alkali salt, where the fatty acid has been reacted with an alkali like sodium hydroxide to produce sodium palmitate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid (no double bond so in shorthand 16:0) member of the sub-group called long chain fatty acids (LCFA), from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis in humans and the fatty acid from which longer fatty acids can be produced.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.
This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.
As a consequence, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a major body component of animals.
In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
One of the main functions of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) alkali salts is that they act as emulsifiers and surfactants, allowing oil based, hydrophobic molecules to interact with water where normally they would repel each other.
This works by the fatty acid end of the salt interacting with the oil while the salt end interacts with the water creating an adapter between oil and water.
In some products this increases the stability of the product as oil and water would naturally separate without it.
In soaps and cleansing oils, the fatty end grabs oil and water-resistant makeup on your skin while the salt end then lets water wash everything off.
Hydrogenation of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a kind of common saturated fatty acid of a 16-carbon backbone, which is contained in fats and waxes.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) naturally exists in palm oil and palm kernel oil, and can also be found in butter, cheese, milk, meat, cocoa butter, soybean oil and sunflower oil.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be produced by many kinds of plants and organisms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be used for the production of soap, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also a food processing aid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be used to produce cetyl alcohol which is useful in the production of detergents and cosmetics.
Recently, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been also used for the manufacture of a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a fatty acid which is a mixture of solid organic acids from fats consisting principally of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) with varying amounts of stearic acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) functions as a lubricant, binder, and defoaming agent.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the skin’s major fatty acids produced by the sebaceous glands.
In cosmetic preparations, it is used as a formula texturizer.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is naturally occurring in allspice, anise, calamus oil, cascarilla bark, celery seed, coffee, tea, and many animal fats and plant oils.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is obtained from palm oil, Japan wax, or Chinese vegetable tallow.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), a 16 carbon saturated fatty acid, has been reported to target proteins to cell membranes.
This compound has been found to promote triglyceride accumulation and also affect cell viability.
Triglyceride accumulation in goose hepatocytes shows the ability to induce apoptosis.
Mechanistic studies show that Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has also demonstrated the ability to induce opening of Ca2+-dependent pores in plasma membranes of red blood cells which will eventually lead to lysis of the cells.
Additional studies suggest that saturated fatty acids can induce the expression of Cox-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.
A saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid used in hair care, cosmetics, soaps, paint, rubber, food, pharmaceuticals, animal feed and textiles. Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to prepare sodium palmitate which is a natural additive in organic products.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is involved in the preparation of cetyl alcohol utilized in the preparation of detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), as the name implies, is a fatty acid present in palm oil.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be derived from many other plant and vegetable sources — in fact, it is the most commonly occurring natural fatty acid in the world.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) — also known as hexadecanoic acid is available in liquid or solid (bead or flake) forms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a light odor and a white or pale appearance, and it can last for up two years when stored according to instructions in the product SDS (one year in its liquid form).Acme-Hardesty offers several varieties of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) for use in different industrial processes.
Our main product is minimum 98-percent pure, though a 95-percent and 92-percent version are available, too. FG- and kosher-certified Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)s are available for use in food and beverage products
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is inexpensive and easy to produce, making it an excellent choice for many industrial applications.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in the production of soaps, detergents and cosmetics as an emulsifier.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also a texturing agent for foods, a waxy cover for fruits and vegetables, and a source of anionic and nonionic surfactants and esters.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can be further refined or combined with other chemical agents to produce isopropyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol and other additives.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid, which is found in fats, milk and meat, and is a major component of palm oil and palm kernel oil. It can be used in soaps and cosmemetics manufacturing.
Since Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, it can be esterified with various organic alcohols.
In the production of low-fat milk, retinyl palmitate, which is the esterified form of retinol and palmitate, is added back to replace the vitamin A (retinol) lost along with the fat from milk.
In the cosmetics industry, creams containing vitamin A also contain retinyl palmitate.
In the pharmaceutical industry, some drugs esterified with palmitate, such as chloramphenicol palmitate, are ineffective, they become active after hydrolysis in the small intestine.
Fat deterioration in the food industry Ascorbyl palmitate combines the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid with the oil solubility of palmitate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) Long chain and very important saturated fatty acid.
In nature, it is found in practically all vegetable and animal oils, often together with stearic acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is found in 10% in many fish oil, 20% in cotton oil and 40% in palm oil.
Like other fatty acids, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is not found free in nature.
However, like others, it is found in oils esterified with glycerin, which are called glycerides.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is found in oils as glycerine tripalmitate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) forms phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and acid chloride (C15H31COCl).
The most important compound of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the compounds it makes with sodium or potassium.
Sodium palmitate (C15H31COONa) is white solid soap, potassium palmitate (C15H31COOK) is brown liquor (liquid) soap.
In the soap industry, glycerine esters are often used to produce soap, not Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) or other acids themselves.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), containing sixteen carbon atoms, consists of the biosynthesis of two-carbon acetic acid.
Hexadecanoic acid, in Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) or IUPAC designation, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)'s chemical formula is CH3 (CH2) 14COOH and C: D 16: 0.
As the name suggests, palm oil (palm oil) is an essential component of the oil extracted from its fruit.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products.
Palmitates are salts and esters of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitate anion is the form of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) observed at physiological pH (7.4).
Aluminum salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) and naphthenic acid were gelling agents that were used in conjunction with volatile petrochemicals to produce napalm during World War II.
The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) was discovered in saponified palm oil by Edmond Frémy in 1840. By hydrolyzing the triglycerides (oils) in palm oil with high temperature water (above 200 ° C or 390 ° F) and fractionally distilling the resulting mixture to yield the pure product, this remains the primary industrial route for its production.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is produced naturally by a wide variety of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs naturally in butter, cheese, milk and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.
Karukas contains 44.90% Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Cetyl ester of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.
Excess carbohydrate in the body is converted into Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids.
As a result, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is an important body component of animals.
In humans, an analysis found it to make up 21-30% (molar) of human storage fat and is an important but highly variable lipid component of breast milk.
Palmitate negatively feeds acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which is used to attach to the growing acyl chain and thus prevents further palmitate formation.
In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation is important for the membrane localization of many proteins.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used to produce soaps, cosmetics and industrial mold release agents.
In these applications, sodium palmitate, which is usually obtained by saponification of palm oil, is used.
For this purpose, palm oil obtained from palm tree (Elaeis guineensis species) is processed with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which produces glycerol and sodium palmitate by causing hydrolysis of ester groups.
Hydrogenation of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) yields cetyl alcohol used in detergent and cosmetics production.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat.
Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced.
Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is can be found naturally in the skin.
In fact, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals and plants.
As for skincare, it can make the skin feel nice and smooth in moisturizers (emollient) or it can act as a foam building cleansing agent in cleansers.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also a very popular ingredient in shaving foams.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), also known as C16 or hexadecanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a potentially toxic compound.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of several fatty acids used in skin care as an emollient or moisturiser.
Fatty acids are oily molecules that combine with glycerol to make the many fats found in nature.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is most commonly produced from palm oil, although it is found in smaller amounts in other vegetable oils as well as dairy and meat.
To produce pure Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), the oil is boiled to break the fatty acids off of the glycerol and then the different acids are separated out based on their boiling point.
In skin care products it is commonly used in the form of an alkali salt, where the fatty acid has been reacted with an alkali like sodium hydroxide to produce sodium palmitate.
As a fatty acid, Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) can act as an emollient.
When applied to the skin by lotions, creams or bath oils, emollients can soften the skin and help it retain moisture by forming an oily, water blocking layer that slows the loss of water through the skin.
This can improve dry and flaky skin as well as conditions like psoriasis and eczema.
One of the main functions of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) alkali salts is that they acts as emulsifiers and surfactants, allowing oil based, hydrophobic molecules to interact with water where normally they would repel each other.
This works by the fatty acid end of the salt interacting with the oil while the salt end interacts with the water creating an adapter between oil and water.
In some products this increases the stability of the product as oil and water would naturally separate without it.
In soaps and cleansing oils, the fatty end grabs oil and water-resistant make up on your skin while the salt end then lets water wash everything off.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also sometimes used in skin care products to make a clear product more opaque.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid that is found in many animal and vegetable fats.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been used as a model system for studying the effects of salt on enzyme activity, specifically in the murine sarcoma virus.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has also been shown to have significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, which may be due to receptor activity or phase transition temperature.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has been shown to have bioactive properties that include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as the ability to protect against reactive oxygen species and apoptosis.
A fatty acid is a long chain of hydrocarbon.
If there are no unsaturated linkages but only single bonds between carbon atoms them the fatty acid is a saturated type.
This is in contrast to an unsaturated fatty acid that contains at least one double carbon-carbon bond.
The Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has sixteen carbon molecules in a chain connected by single bonds. It is the most common form of saturated fatty acid in most living things.
The Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs naturally in vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil and olive oil), fats, and waxes.
One of its industrial uses is for making soaps through saponification.
The esters and salts of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) are referred to as palmitate.
One of the main sources of Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is carbohydrates that are in excess in the body.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) may serve as a precursor to longer fatty acids.
The palmitoyl residue is one of the common acyl residues of membrane phospholipids.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is also found as a thioester attached to cystein residues on some membrane proteins.
The proteins so modified are often transmembrane proteins and the modified residue is on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants.
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of Levovist, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium.